Context Before Decoupling

1. What characterized the peak of hyperglobalisation before 2008?

• A. Low trade and minimal investment

• B. Regional supply chains

• C. High levels of trade, investment, and integration

• D. Isolationist national strategies

2. What is the main feature of “slowbalisation” compared to hyperglobalisation?

• A. Complete retreat from global trade

• B. Growth of global trade and finance

• C. Decoupling of all economies

• D. Regionalized value chains and focus on resilience

3. In 2019, what percentage of the EU’s total imports from Russia were energy-related?

• A. About 50%

• B. Over 60%

• C. Over 80%

• D. Nearly 100%

4. What was the strategic implication of the EU’s heavy dependence on Russian energy before 2022?

• A. It reduced energy prices across Europe

• B. It strengthened the EU’s geopolitical position

• C. It increased Russia’s leverage and posed energy security risks

• D. It encouraged more energy imports from other regions

5. 5. What event triggered the EU’s most severe energy crisis since the 1970s?

• A. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine

• B. COVID-19 pandemic

• C. Collapse of oil prices

• D. The 2008 financial crisis

6. What is the main goal of the EU’s REPowerEU strategy launched in May 2022?

• A. Subsidize Russian gas imports

• B. Reach energy independence from OPEC

• C. Reduce electricity prices

• D. Eliminate reliance on Russian fossil fuels

7. What long-term strategic shift did the 2022 energy crisis reinforce in EU policy?

• A. Open strategic autonomy and green transition

• B. Increasing coal usage

• C. Expanding Russian oil trade

• D. Deregulating energy markets

8. By Q1–Q3 2023, what share of the EU’s total gas demand was met by Russian piped gas?

• A. Around 25%

• B. About 15%

• C. Nearly 50%

• D. Less than 10%

9. What was a key market shift the EU made to reduce dependence on Russian energy after 2022?

• A. Replaced Russian gas with increased imports from China via pipeline

• B. Focused solely on domestic renewable production to meet short-term needs

• C. Developed LNG infrastructure to enable flexible and geographically diverse imports

• D. Continued importing Russian oil while reducing coal dependence

10. Besides supplier diversification, what structural transformation did the energy crisis accelerate in the EU?

• A. Expansion of coal power plants

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  B. Shift toward renewables, electrification, and energy efficiency

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  C. Increase in fossil fuel subsidies

• D. Reduction in energy consumption by half