Consonants /t/ and /d/

11. In which of the following word pairs is the difference between /t/ and /d/ most likely to affect meaning in a native speaker’s perception?

• Pet - Bet

• Tide - Tied

• Write - Right

• Than - Then

1. Which of the following describes a key articulatory feature that distinguishes /t/ from /d/?

• 1. Both are voiceless plosives

• 1. /t/ is voiceless, /d/ is voiced

• 1. /t/ is a fricative, /d/ is a stop

• 1. /d/ is nasal, /t/ is oral

2. Which of these phonetic transcriptions contains the /d/ sound?

• 2. /tɪp/

• 2. /dɪp/

• 2. /sɪp/

• 3. 2. /θɪp/

3. In which word is the /t/ sound likely to be flapped in American English pronunciation?

• Cat

• Water

• Tip

• Time

4. What is the phonological term for the rule where /t/ and /d/ are pronounced as a quick flap [ɾ] between two vowels in American English?

• Glottalization

• Flapping

• Aspiration

• Voicing

5. Which minimal pair contrasts /t/ and /d/ in word-final position?

• Tie - Die

• Bed - Bet

• Top - Tip

• Bat - Pat

6. Which of the following words has an aspirated /t/ in initial position in most English dialects?

• Star

• Top

• Bat

• Let

7. Which sentence includes a case of flapping, where /t/ or /d/ is realized as [ɾ]?

• He took the test

• She wrote a letter

• Please, sit down

• We stopped at the shop

8. Which of the following articulatory features is shared by both /t/ and /d/?

• They are both voiced

• They are both nasal

• They are both alveolar stops

• They are both fricatives

9. In the word butter as pronounced in American English, what is the most likely realization of the /t/?

• A glottal stop [?]

• An alveolar flap [r]

• A voiced stop [d]

• A devoiced fricative [θ]