Challenges in learning grammar

Lack of abstract thinking or analytical abilities.

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

Negative transfer from L1 or any other foreign language learners already know.

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

Discrepancy between the curricula for L1 and L2, which may result in learners encountering L2 grammatical phenomena that they have not studied in their L1.

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

Struggling with retaining and recalling grammar structures.

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

Complexity of grammatical phenomena (e.g., the use of several auxiliaries – “If it hadn’t been for my dad, I wouldn’t have been invited to the party”).

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

Absence of variety in the techniques and modes of interaction used at the lesson.

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

Introduction of grammar structures out of context.

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

Multifunctional grammatical elements (e.g., ‘will’ – an auxiliary verb and a modal verb).

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

Overwhelming learners with complex grammar terminology, rules, and exceptions.

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related

The absence of some grammar phenomena in L1.

• Learner-related

• Teaching-related

• Language-related