What Are Hormones?

Which of the following is NOT a body function regulated by hormones?

• Metabolism and Energy Balance

• Water and Electrolyte Balance

• Digestion of Food

• Growth and Development

Steroid hormones are derived from which precursor?

• Cholesterol

• Glucose

• Amino acids

• Fatty acids

Steroid hormones act by the primary messenger pathway.

• True

• False

Nonsteroid hormones are not lipid-based.

• True

• False

Match the following types of nonsteroid hormones with their descriptions:

• Protein hormones

• Short chains of amino acids

• Peptide hormones

• Single modified amino acid

• Amine hormones

• Long chains of amino acids

What is the role of a secondary messenger in nonsteroid hormone action?

• It activates cellular enzymes, which alters the activity or function of the target cell.

• It directly enters the nucleus to change gene expression.

• It acts as a hormone receptor on the cell membrane.

• It transports hormones through the bloodstream.

What happens after the hormone-receptor complex binds to the cell’s DNA?

• It regulates the expression of certain genes, causing an increase or decrease in the production of corresponding proteins, such as cellular enzymes.

• It immediately causes the cell to divide uncontrollably.

• It breaks down the DNA, leading to cell death.

• It causes the cell membrane to dissolve.

What is a feedback loop?

• A process where the output of a system is ignored

• A circuit of cause-and-effect where the output of the system is used as input for future changes

• A process that only occurs in machines

• A type of positive feedback only

Fill in the blank: In a feedback loop, the _______ monitors the system and sends signals to the control center.

• sensor

• effector

• receptor

• controller

Which of the following best describes negative feedback?

• A) A type of regulation where a change in conditions triggers a response by the body to increase or amplify the change

• B) A type of regulation where a change in conditions triggers a response by the body to counteract or reduce the change and return the body to a normal set point

• C) A process that only occurs during childbirth

• D) A process that always increases the set point