Which of the following is a typical characteristic of nouns?

They can occur with determiners.

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of verbs?

They denote properties of entities.

They always denote physical actions.

What is a typical characteristic of adjectives?

They can be modified by degree words like "very."

They follow the noun they modify.

What is a typical characteristic of adverbs?

They modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

What is the function of determiners?

To provide information about nouns, such as definiteness, quantity, or possession.

To provide information about tense.

To express relationships between entities.

What is the function of auxiliary verbs?

To provide additional information about the verb, such as tense, aspect, or modality.

To express the main action or state.

What is the function of prepositions?

To express relationships between entities, often involving location, time, or direction.

To connect words of the same category.

To indicate the quantity of a noun.

What is the function of conjunctions?

To connect words, phrases, or clauses.

To express relationships of space or time.

To provide information about nouns.

What is the difference between coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunction?

Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words or phrases of the same grammatical type, while subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause and a main clause.

Coordinating conjunctions can join independent clauses, while subordinating conjunctions are used to join words or phrases of the same grammatical type.

Coordinating conjunctions are used to join dependent clauses.

A group of words that functions as a unit within a sentence.

What is the "head" of a phrase?

The most important word in the phrase, which determines the phrase's category.

What is a noun phrase (NP)?

A phrase headed by an adjective.

A phrase headed by a preposition.

What is a verb phrase (VP)?

A phrase headed by an adjective.

What is a prepositional phrase (PP)?

A phrase headed by a preposition.

A phrase headed by an adjective.

An element that makes the meaning of the head more precise.

An optional element that modifies the head.

An element that is required by the head.

What is a complement?

An element that provides information required by the head to complete its meaning.

An optional element that modifies the head.

An element used at the beginning of the head.

What is linear order in a sentence?

The order of words in a sentence.

The hierarchical grouping of words.

The grammatical categories of the words.

What is a constituent?

A group of words that functions as a unit within a sentence.

What is a phrase structure rule?

A rule that describes how phrases and sentences are constructed from smaller units.

A rule that describes how words are spelled.

A rule that describes word meanings.

A rule that transcribes speech.

What are subcategories of nouns?

Count nouns, mass nouns, and abstract nouns.

Count nouns, mass nouns and linking verbs.

Mass nouns, abstract nouns, and linking verbs.

Linking verbs, transitive, and intransitive.

What is the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs?

Transitive verbs take a direct object; intransitive verbs do not.

Intransitive verbs take a direct object; transitive verbs do not.

What is the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs?

Transitive verbs take a direct object; intransitive verbs do not.

Intransitive verbs take a direct object; transitive verbs do not.

There is no difference; the terms are interchangeable.

Transitive verbs are always followed by a prepositional phrase.

What can we conclude about the structure of language that we cannot do by memorization based on this chapter?

Sentences are composed of discrete elements that are organized by a certain set of rules.

Sentences must have no more than 7 words.

Sentences are learned individually.

Explain why simply knowing the words of a language is not sufficient for knowing the language's syntax.

Because syntax involves the rules for combining words into phrases and sentences, not just the words themselves.

Because words are not important for syntax.

Because spelling is more important than syntax.

Why is the distribution of a word a more reliable criterion for determining its syntactic category than its meaning?

Because distribution is based on observable patterns of co-occurrence with other words, while meaning can be subjective or variable.

Because meaning is always clear.

Because distribution is about spelling.

Give an example of a sentence where the word 'near' functions as a preposition, and another where it functions as an adjective.

Preposition: 'The cat is near the table.' Adjective: 'The near side of the moon.'

Preposition: 'The cat is near the table.' Adjective: There's no such usage.

'Near' can only be a preposition.

'Near' can only be an adjective.

Explain why some verbs, like 'put,' require a specific type of complement (e.g., a location).

The meaning of 'put' inherently involves placing something somewhere, so a location complement is necessary to complete the verb's meaning.

All verbs require the same complements.

'Put' does not require a complement.

What is the difference between a specifier and a complement? Provide an example of each in a noun phrase.

Specifiers make the head's meaning more precise (e.g., 'the' in 'the book'); complements provide information required by the head (e.g., 'of physics' in 'the book of physics').

Specifiers are always required; complements are always optional.

Draw a tree diagram for the phrase 'the very tall building on the corner.' Label all the nodes (phrase types and word categories).

(Tree diagrams cannot be shown in text, but the structure would be: NP[Det(the) AdjP[Deg(very) Adj(tall)] N(building) PP[P(on) NP[Det(the) N(corner)]]])

(A linear arrangement of words)

(A diagram with incorrect labels)

(A diagram with missing labels)

How can the constituent tests (question-answer, substitution, coordination, movement) help to determine the hierarchical structure of a sentence?

They reveal which groups of words function as units, indicating how they are grouped together in the sentence's structure.

They cannot determine hierarchical structure.

Explain the concept of structural ambiguity, and provide an example sentence that is structurally ambiguous.

Structural ambiguity arises when a sentence can have more than one meaning due to different possible groupings of its constituents (e.g., 'I saw the man with the telescope').

Structural ambiguity does not exist.

Structural ambiguity is about word meaning.

Structural ambiguity has only one structure.

What is a phrase structure rule? Give an example of a phrase structure rule for a verb phrase (VP).

A rule that specifies how phrases and sentences can be built up from smaller constituents (e.g., VP -> V (NP) (PP)).

A rule that specifies how phonemes combine.

What is the difference between the traditional view of sentence structure and the contemporary view of sentence structure according to this chapter? Draw the tree diagrams of the sentence 'The girl ate a cake' to show the two views.

Traditional view: S -> NP VP; Contemporary view: S -> NP I VP (where I represents inflection/tense).

Traditional view is more complex.

What is meant by 'recursion' in syntax? Give an example.

The ability to apply a rule repeatedly within its own output, creating potentially infinite structures (e.g., embedding clauses: 'I think that he said that she believes that...').

The ability to use a rule only once.

The ability to use only one phrase.

Recursion is not a concept in syntax.

How does knowing the phrase structure rules of a language contribute to a speaker's ability to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences?

Phrase structure rules provide a finite set of rules that can be combined recursively to generate an infinite number of structures.

It doesn't; speakers just memorize sentences.

Phrase structure rules are only used for short sentences.

Phrase structure rules are not important.

What is the difference between stative adjectives and non-stative adjectives?

Stative adjectives express temporary states, while non-stative adjectives express permanent states.

Stative adjectives express permanent states, while non-stative adjectives express temporary states.

Explain how the question-answer test can be used to identify a constituent in a sentence.

If a group of words can be replaced by a question word (who, what, where, etc.) and form a natural question-answer pair, it is likely a constituent.

The question-answer test cannot be used to identify constituents.

The question-answer test is only used for single words.

The question-answer test shows spelling errors.

Explain the concept of deep structure and surface structure in transformational grammar (briefly).

Deep structure is the underlying, abstract structure of a sentence; surface structure is the actual form of the sentence after transformations have applied.

There is no difference between deep and surface structure.

Deep structure is the pronounced form; surface structure is the underlying form.

Deep structure is more important.

Give examples of the sentences "Mary is easy to please" and "Mary is eager to please" to show the difference between the two levels of structure.

They are different in both deep and surface structure.

They are different in deep structure, but not in surface structure.

They are different in surface structure, but not in deep structure.

They are the same in both deep and surface structure.

What is a transformation in the context of syntax (briefly)?

A rule that changes one syntactic structure into another (e.g., moving an element, inserting an element).

Give a simple example of a transformation in English (e.g., forming a question).

"The cat is sleeping" -> "Is the cat sleeping?" (subject-auxiliary inversion)

There are no transformations in English.

Transformations are only for complex sentences.

Transformation involves only spelling changes.

What is the purpose of do-insertion in English questions?

To provide an auxiliary verb when there isn't one in the declarative sentence (e.g., "He sleeps" -> "Does he sleep?").

How do we form a yes-no question in English?

Move the auxiliary verb or "do" to the front of the subject.

Add a question word like "who," "what," "where"

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