Indigenous Studies final exam

Indigenous author Ailton Krenak states that "perhaps we're too conditioned to a certain idea of the human being and a single type of existence". What is implied in this statement?

• Humanity have been defined according to Western type of existence.

• Human beings have been respectful to each single type of existence.

• Human beings should live according to high ideas and existences.

• Indigenous peoples should not be included in the humanity category.

What does Edward Curtis' photograph evocate?

• An understanding of how Indigenous people had to recreate themselves due to colonization.

• The acknowledgement that most Indigenous communities had incorporated modern elements into their lives.

• A celebration of the adaptability of Indigenous peoples.

• The idea that Indigenous cultures were something from the past and were condemned to disappear.

What does the expression "Real Indians" mean in this photograph of Indigenous artist Larry McNeil?

• It celebrates the authenticity of traditional cultures.

• It refers to the struggle of Indigenous peoples to preserve their cultures.

• It is a critique of unrealistic portraits of Indigenous peoples.

• It denounces the negative impact of modernity on traditional ways of living.

Indigenous artist Denilson Baniwa advocates for the appropriation and indigenization of modern technologies. What does that mean?

• It means appropriating Indigenous cultures through modern technologies is disrespectful.

• It means that, in modern days, Indigenous cultures have been completely assimilated.

• It means that modern technologies are destroying Indigenous cultures.

• It means modern technologies can be used to give voice to Indigenous peoples.

What kind of critique is present in this Denilson Baniwa's artwork?

• Modern technologies are replacing Indigenous ways of living, which will eventually vanish.

• There are still people who believe that Indigenous peoples have no right to modern technology.

• Modernity means the abandonment and loss of indigenous culture.

• New technologies are negatively affecting Indigenous communities and causing individual isolationism.

Why is the film "Bacurau" an allegory of colonization and the resistance to colonization?

• It is a violent film, which might cause resistance from the audience.

• It shows the superiority of a group over other and their consequent success.

• It is a Brazilian version of the Western genre and a contemporary science fiction.

• It portrays outsiders invading an occupied territory and a community struggling to defend themselves.

How could we define the film 5 Broken Camera?

• It is a contemporary frame of historical antisemitism.

• It is a realistic firsthand picture of daily struggles of Palestinian people against Israeli colonialism.

• It is a political reaction against Hamas hostile attacks.

• It is a personal narrative of how Israeli people have suffered due to terrorism.

The Wild Arrow project applies the concept of affective alliances, by Ailton Krenak. What is this concept about?

• Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultures and peoples should focus on Indigenous knowledges and forget Western knowledges.

• Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultures and peoples must undo their alliances. This way, Indigenous knowledges will be free from Western influences.

• Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultures and peoples are different and cannot have alliances, since Western knowledges obscures Indigenous knowledges.

• Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultures and peoples can create fruitful alliances through the interweaves of Indigenous and Western knowledges.

The capital of Brazil, Brasilia, is a symbol of progress and modernity. The Santuario dos Pajes [The Shrine of the Shamans], in downtown Brasilia, is a symbol of Indigenous resistance and political struggle. Why?

• The construction of Brasilia brought economic growth to Brazil, which benefited Indigenous people living in the Shrine of the Shamans.

• The construction of Brasilia was part of the colonial project while the Shrine of the Shamans was part of Indigenous reclamation for their ancestral lands.

• The construction of Brasilia was ecologically sustainable while the Shrine of the Shamans caused deforestation.

• The construction of Brasilia allowed Indigenous peoples to migrate to an urban area and have a better life.

What is true regarding Indigenous activists Ivanice Tonone (chief of the Kariri-Xoco people and a pioneer of Indigenous movement), Arthur Naishe Moyra (artist from the Kariri-Xoco people in Brasilia), and Ivo Cipio Aureliano (lawyer from the Makuxi people in the Amazon region)?

• They advocate for demarcation of lands for Indigenous peoples and the isolationism of Indigenous peoples in reservations.

• They advocate for Indigenous rights and the exclusion of Indigenous peoples from Western discussions about environmental issues.

• They advocate for Indigenous rights and the inclusion of Indigenous peoples in the political decision-making process.

• They advocate for the separation of Indigenous cultures from Western cultures and the return of Indigenous peoples to the natural environment.