Which of the following conditions triggers the opening or closing of voltage-gated ion channels in a cell?

Changes in the relative distribution of charges

Binding with a chemical messenger

Interacting with a neurotransmitter or hormone

Binding with amino acid residues

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which ligand-gated ion channels operate?

They are gated by a chemical messenger that binds to the channel on the inside or outside of the cell.

They operate based on the relative distribution of charges in their local environment.

They respond only to changes in conformation caused by charged amino acid residues.

Explain the relationship between volume and concentration in the context of ion movement across the cell membrane.

Volume and concentration are directly proportional, affecting ion movement.

Volume and concentration are inversely proportional, affecting ion movement.

Volume affects ion movement, but concentration does not.

Concentration affects ion movement, but volume does not.

Know the anatomy of a Neuron and which neuron is the Pre & Post-Synaptic cell?

neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. The pre-synaptic neuron is the one sending the signal, and the post-synaptic neuron is the one receiving the signal

neuron consists of a cell body, axon, and synaptic cleft. The pre-synaptic neuron is the one receiving the signal, and the post-synaptic neuron is the one sending the signal.

neuron consists of dendrites, axon, and synaptic cleft. The pre-synaptic neuron is the one sending the signal, and the post-synaptic neuron is the one receiving the signal.

neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and synaptic cleft. The pre-synaptic neuron is the one receiving the signal, and the post-synaptic neuron is the one sending the signal

Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered in a postsynaptic cell:

neurotransmitter receptors, b. ligand-gated channels, c. voltage-gated channels

ligand-gated channels, b. voltage-gated channels, c. neurotransmitter receptors

voltage-gated channels, b. neurotransmitter receptors, c. ligand-gated channels

ligand-gated channels, b. neurotransmitter receptors, c. voltage-gated channels

What are depolarizing synaptic potentials known as?

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs)

Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs)

What are hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials known as?

Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs)

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs)

What is a characteristic of graded potentials?

Decrease in intensity over time and distance

Increase in intensity over time and distance

What primarily differentiates an action potential from a graded potential in neuronal activity?

Action potentials are maintained at constant intensity over time and distance, while graded potentials decrease in intensity over time and distance.

Unlike action potentials, graded potentials occur in the dendrites and soma.

Action potentials are hyperpolarizing events, while graded potentials are depolarizing.

Graded potentials are voluntary, while action potentials are involuntary.

Compared to action potentials, graded potentials...

get stronger over time or distance

are a change from resting potential that are maintained at a constant intensity over time and distance

result in weaker changes in membrane potential the further from the point of origin they extend

The main phases of an action potential are:

Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Initiation, propagation, termination

Excitation, contraction, relaxation

Stimulation, response, recovery

What happens to the membrane potential during the depolarization phase?

The membrane potential becomes more positive after the threshold is reached.

The membrane potential becomes more negative after the threshold is reached.

The membrane potential remains unchanged after the threshold is reached.

The membrane potential fluctuates randomly after the threshold is reached.

In the after-hyperpolarization phase, what happens to the membrane potential?

The membrane potential becomes more positive, returning to resting membrane potential.

The membrane potential becomes more negative, moving further from resting membrane potential.

The membrane potential remains unchanged.

The membrane potential fluctuates randomly.