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Placebo Effect

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A phenomenon where subjects experience a perceived improvement in condition due to believing they are receiving treatment, even if it is a dummy treatment.

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Census

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A survey that includes every member of a population, providing complete data.

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Voluntary Response Sampling

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A sampling method where individuals choose to participate, often leading to biased results as only those with strong opinions may respond.

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Undercoverage

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A sampling bias that occurs when some members of the population are not given a chance to be included in the sample.

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Control Group

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A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.

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Response Bias

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A bias that occurs when respondents do not answer questions truthfully or accurately, often due to the way questions are phrased.

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Observational Study

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A study where researchers observe subjects without manipulating any variables, often used to identify correlations.

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Experiment

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A study in which researchers manipulate one or more variables to determine their effect on a response variable.

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Sample

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A subset of a population selected for observation and analysis.

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Non Response Bias

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A bias that occurs when individuals selected for the sample do not respond, potentially skewing results.