Theory of Mind and Self-Awareness in Animals

What is the primary focus of the Theory of Mind (ToM) in animals?

• Attributing mental states to others

• Understanding physical environments

• Developing language skills

• Improving memory retention

Which animals have been shown to share foundational social cognitive mechanisms with humans?

• Apes, monkeys, and corvids

• Cats, dogs, and elephants

• Fish, reptiles, and amphibians

• Insects, arachnids, and mollusks

What method did Hayashi et al. (2020) use to demonstrate theory of mind abilities in Japanese macaques?

• Anticipatory-looking variant of the false belief task

• Mirror self-recognition test

• Eye-tracking techniques

• Proprioception analysis

What is the most basic type of self-awareness in animals?

• Bodily self-awareness

• Social self-awareness

• Introspective awareness

• Linguistic self-awareness

What test is used to assess self-awareness in animals by recognizing themselves in a mirror?

• Mirror self-recognition test

• False belief task

• Looking-time technique

• Metacognition study