Ivan visited Carlsbad Caverns in southern New Mexico one summer. The formations amazed him and he read more about how caves form. He learned that Carlsbad Caverns formed differently from most caves. He then researched a cave he visited the previous summer, Mammoth Caves. What are the main steps involved in the formation of most caves, like Mammoth Caves?

First, rain combines with carbon dioxide to form a weak acid in water. Next, water flows into cracks in limestone and dissolves it. Finally limestone is carried away forming a hollow, and over time a cave forms.

First, rain flows into cracks in limestone, mixes with rain, and form an acid. The acid makes hollows in the limestone. Next the limestone dissolves away as groundwater. Eventually, a cave forms.

First, rain combines with sulfur dioxide to make acid rain. Next, the acid rain gets into the groundwater and dissolves igneous rock around it. The rock is carried away, a hollow forms, and over time a cave forms.

First, rain combines with acids in the ground and flows into cracks in limestone. Next, it seeps into deeper mantle rock and dissolves it, making openings in the rock. Finally, over time a cave forms.

Martin lived near the beach in Freeport, Texas. He liked watching the sand dunes change over the course of the year. When his family vacationed in New Mexico, he noticed some of the rocks looked carved and wondered what had done that. In what ways are rocks eroded and sand deposited?

B. Rocks are eroded by deflation(wind erosion) and abrasion. Sand is deposited by the wind as loess(wind blown silt) and as dunes.

A. Rocks are eroded by the wind as loess and sand. Sand is deposited by deflation and abrasion.

C. Rocks are eroded by tiny particles moving downward. Sand is deposited by erosion as dunes.

D. Rocks are eroded by water and weathering. Sand is deposited by more weathering and water.

Both wave action and glaciers cause erosion and deposition. How each action is carried out, however, differs. What conclusion can be made about the major difference in the way glacial and wave erosion and deposition take place?

Wave action primarily occurs in coastal areas, while glacial action occurs in polar and mountainous regions.

Wave action is faster than glacial action.

Glacial action is more powerful than wave action.

Wave action and glacial action both occur at the same speed.

Mason lives in Arizona, a place that sometimes experiences extreme temperatures in his region of the United States. He knows that air masses with different temperatures and humidity generally do not mix. Instead, they form a front. Which weather would likely result if a dry air mass overtook a cold air mass in his region?

A. clouds and warmer temperatures

B. heavy rain and warmer temperatures

C. snow and cooler temperatures

Mason lives in Arizona, a place that sometimes experiences extreme temperatures in his region of the United States. He knows that different kinds of air masses influence temperature. Why would the range of temperatures be more extreme in his part of the country?

Maritime air masses have water that moderates the air temperatures above them and the continental masses do not.

Maritime air masses pick up cold air from the water and remain colder because they take on the temperature of the water.

Continental air masses usually are warmer than maritime air masses because they are moderated more by clouds.

Continental air masses have cooler temperatures part of the time that will moderate them and the maritime air masses do not.

Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, enables companies to extract natural gas from deep in the ground. Why are people concerned about fracking contaminating groundwater?

Pressurized fluids break up the shale, holding the gas underground.

The broken pieces of shale that result from the process allow groundwater to percolate deeper.

Pressurized fluids force groundwater deeper so the gas can be extracted.

Shale pieces contaminate the groundwater after they are broken up.

A 2016 study found that nearly one-+third of deaths in China are linked to outdoor air pollution. Smog sometimes closes schools and grounds airplanes. Hospitals are overwhelmed with patients struggling to breathe. Which three choices would improve outdoor air quality?

increased the use of wind turbines

take a bus or carpool to school

use gasoline instead of biofuels

decrease the use of geothermal energy

Humans rely on fish as a source of food. Are fish a renewable or nonrenewable resource?

Fish are a renewable resource, but must be managed sustainably.

Fish are a nonrenewable resource because humans have destroyed their habitat.

Fish are a renewable resource, but only on aquaculture farms.

Fish are a nonrenewable resource because it takes a long time to replace them.

As the world's population continually grows, the human need for energy affects much of Earth's spheres. What is one consequence caused by overpopulation?

pollution leading to climate change

new habitats created for displaced species

new resources discovered or created

an increase in alternative energy usage

As the world's population continually grows, the human need for energy affects much of Earth's spheres. Adding pollutants to the air has caused changes to the atmosphere. The ozone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is one area affected by human actions. What is the ozone layer, what does it do, and how has human activity impacted it?

The ozone layer is a protective layer in Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. Human activities, such as the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have led to its depletion.

The ozone layer is a part of the Earth's core that helps in maintaining the planet's temperature. Human activities have no impact on it.

The ozone layer is a layer of water vapor that helps in cloud formation. Human activities have enhanced its thickness.

The ozone layer is a magnetic field that protects Earth from solar winds. Human activities have strengthened it.

Marsupials are a group of mammals that give birth to very immature young and raise them in a pouch. Opossums, kangaroos, and Tasmanian devils are all marsupials. Marsupials are common in Australia and South America but new evidence confirmed that all marsupials evolved from a common ancestor in South America. What is the most likely explanation for why marsupials are related in Australia and South America?

C. The continents were once joined into a supercontinent that slowly broke apart.

A. A huge asteroid struck Earth and the impact broke the two continents apart.

B. An ice age froze the ocean surface and marsupials migrated to Australia.

D. A series of earthquakes and volcanoes separated the two continents.

Order the steps of wind formation caused by heating with the first step as # 1 and the final step in wind formation as # 5.

1. Air over heated surfaces expands and rises 2. Decreasing air pressure in the warm air mass 3. Cool, dense air flows under the warmer air, forcing it to rise 4. Cool, dense air sinks and pressure increases 5. Air over less heated areas is cool and dense

1. Decreasing air pressure in the warm air mass 2. Air over less heated areas is cool and dense 3. Cool, dense air flows under the warmer air, forcing it to rise 4. Air over heated surfaces expands and rises 5. Cool, dense air sinks and pressure increases

1. Air over less heated areas is cool and dense 2. Cool, dense air sinks and pressure increases 3. Air over heated surfaces expands and rises 4. Decreasing air pressure in the warm air mass 5. Cool, dense air flows under the warmer air, forcing it to rise

1. Cool, dense air sinks and pressure increases 2. Air over heated surfaces expands and rises 3. Decreasing air pressure in the warm air mass 4. Air over less heated areas is cool and dense 5. Cool, dense air flows under the warmer air, forcing it to rise

Brody has learned that Earth is warming and that the climate may be changing. After reading about it, he saw that Earth's atmosphere is necessary to sustain life, even with the ongoing changes. How does Earth’s atmosphere and its components insulate Earth and protect life?

By trapping heat and blocking harmful solar radiation

By allowing all solar radiation to reach the surface

By reflecting all sunlight back into space

By absorbing all heat and preventing any from escaping

Colton lives in Alaska, where summers are short and mild and the winters are long and cold. Alaska lies at a northern latitude and Colton lives near the Alaska Range at an altitude of about 8,000 feet. Which of the following best defines the terms climate and weather, and compares and contrasts them?

Climate refers to long-term atmospheric conditions, while weather refers to short-term changes. Climate is influenced by latitude and altitude, as seen in Alaska's cold winters and mild summers.

Weather refers to long-term atmospheric conditions, while climate refers to short-term changes. Weather is influenced by latitude and altitude, as seen in Alaska's cold winters and mild summers.

Climate and weather both refer to short-term atmospheric conditions, with no influence from latitude and altitude.

Climate and weather both refer to long-term atmospheric conditions, with no influence from latitude and altitude.

A major volcanic eruption would affect climate conditions on Earth over time. What short-term impact would massive volcano eruptions have on Earth?

cooling due to ash and particles in the air

cooling due to the release of greenhouse gases

adaptations by plants and animals

On August 21, 2017, the United States experienced the first coast-to-coast solar eclipse since 1918. How were the sun, the moon, and Earth arranged during this eclipse?

The moon was between Earth and the sun.

The sun was between Earth and the moon.

Earth was between the sun and the moon.

The sun, Earth, and the moon formed a right angle.

Scott moved from Florida to Michigan in January, and he thinks it’s freezing! Why is it so much colder in Michigan than it is in Florida during the winter?

Earth’s tilt away from the sun during the winter causes Michigan to receive less direct sunlight than Florida.

Earth’s surface receives more sunlight in northern areas during the winter.

Earth’s spin causes Michigan to receive less sunlight than Florida during the winter.

Earth’s tilt toward the sun during the winter causes Michigan to receive more direct sunlight than Florida.

The sun is a star passing through the same stages as other, similar stars. Which pattern correctly describes the life cycle of a star?

nebula → protostar → high-mass star → supergiant → supernova → neutron star

nebula → protostar → high-mass star → red giant → planetary nebula → white dwarf

protostar → nebula → high-mass star → supergiant → neutron star → supernova

nebula → protostar → low-mass star → supergiant → supernova → white dwarf

Explain the relationship between surface temperature and star color as shown in the table.

Surface temperature determines the star color.

Star color determines the surface temperature.

There is no relationship between surface temperature and star color.

Both star color and surface temperature are unrelated.

This table includes the mass of several objects in the solar system, as well as how far each object is from Earth. What is the best reason distances in space are measured using astronomical units (AU), instead of kilometers or miles?

One AU represents a large distance, so the numbers that represent the vast distances between space objects are smaller and easier to compare.

An AU equals the distance from the sun to the next-closest star.

Miles are used only in the United States, so the measurements are not the same in any other country.

Kilometers are used only in certain countries, so the measurements are not the same from country to country.

Neewa noticed the difference in water level between high tide and low tide while visiting the beach. What information in the table best explains the tides?

The moon has a greater effect on tides because it is so much closer to Earth.

Mars is closest to Earth, so it affects tides more than other space objects.

The moon is the only object that affects tides at all because it is so close to Earth.

The sun affects tides more than any other object because it is massive and closer to Earth than Jupiter.

Different types of storms bring about specific hazards, so people must be aware of coming storms. There are precautions to take to stay safe during every storm type. In the event of a winter storm, what is the proper safety precaution.

Get out of the icy wind, stock up on water and food in case of power loss.

Evacuate if necessary, keep supplies and medicine on hand if power goes out.

Stay indoors and if outside, find a low area with no trees or poles.

Go to a safe area in the middle of a room or basement, stay away from windows.

Different types of storms bring about specific hazards, so people must be aware of coming storms. There are precautions to take to stay safe during every storm type. In the event of a thunderstorm, what is the proper safety precaution.

Stay indoors and if outside, find a low area with no trees or poles.

Evacuate if necessary, keep supplies and medicine on hand if power goes out.

Go to a safe area in the middle of a room or basement, stay away from windows.

Get out of the icy wind, stock up on water and food in case of power loss.

Different types of storms bring about specific hazards, so people must be aware of coming storms. There are precautions to take to stay safe during every storm type. In the event of a tornado, what is the proper safety precaution.

Go to a safe area in the middle of a room or basement, stay away from windows.

Evacuate if necessary, keep supplies and medicine on hand if power goes out.

Stay indoors and if outside, find a low area with no trees or poles.

Get out of the icy wind, stock up on water and food in case of power loss.

Different types of storms bring about specific hazards, so people must be aware of coming storms. There are precautions to take to stay safe during every storm type. In the event of a hurricane, what is the proper safety precaution.

Evacuate if necessary, keep supplies and medicine on hand if power goes out.

Stay indoors and if outside, find a low area with no trees or poles.

Go to a safe area in the middle of a room or basement, stay away from windows.

Get out of the icy wind, stock up on water and food in case of power loss.

Heat is energy that transfers into an object's thermal energy. Heat only flows from hotter objects to cooler ones and is transferred in one of three ways. Read the following phrases that describe how heat is transferred. Choose the correct method of heat transfer they describe. (Transfer of energy by electromagnetic wave , transfer by heat and light)

Transfer of energy by radiation

Transfer of energy by conduction

Transfer of energy by convection

Heat is energy that transfers into an object's thermal energy. Heat only flows from hotter objects to cooler ones and is transferred in one of three ways. Read the following phrases that describe how heat is transferred. Choose the correct method of heat transfer they describe. (Particles move easily from one place to another, taking energy with them. Transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid)

Transfer of energy by convection

Transfer of energy by conduction

Transfer of energy by radiation

Heat is energy that transfers into an object's thermal energy. Heat only flows from hotter objects to cooler ones and is transferred in one of three ways. Read the following phrases that describe how heat is transferred. Choose the correct method of heat transfer they describe. (transfer of heat between two substances that are in direct contact. Works well in some solids such as metals)

Transfer of energy by conduction

Transfer of energy by radiation

Transfer of energy by convection

Earth Science End-of-Year Test

Authored by Misty Wambles

Science

6th Grade

NGSS covered

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49 questions

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MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

John lived in Florida. He liked to swim in the ocean and explore along the beach. Which Florida landforms would he be visiting during these activities?

A. dunes and deltas

B. lakes and dunes

C. coastline and swamps

D. coastline and dunes

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Julia traveled to Hawaii with her parents on vacation. While they were there, she saw Kilauea, the world's most active volcano, erupting. She watched as ash flew upward and lava flowed down its bare, rocky sides and into the ocean. Which three of Earth's spheres were involved in this eruption?

cryosphere

hydrosphere

geosphere

atmosphere

biosphere

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Henry’s family bought a home on some land in the country. They will get their water supply from a well on the land, which sits over an aquifer. What is the path that water follows through the hydrosphere and geosphere to become drinking water for a family?

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and extraction from the well

Condensation, precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, and extraction from the well

Precipitation, evaporation, condensation, infiltration, and extraction from the well

Infiltration, evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and extraction from the well

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

THe weather can vary from day to day. Through the use of observations, knowledge of air masses , and technology, certain kinds of scientists study the weather. What kind of scientist studies and predicts the weather?

Geologist

Biologist

Meteorologist

Astronomer

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

As the hurricane season approached, Emma helped her mother check their supplies they kept in the event of a hurricane. Which two consequences can a severe storm such as a hurricane bring?

severe flooding that can contaminate drinking water

lack of necessary clothing from hurrying to pack

not knowing that a severe storm was coming

difficult travel due to flooding and wind damage

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Olivia looked outside one morning and saw that the grass had moisture on the blades. She knew it had not rained the night before, so she wondered how the mixture had collected on the grass to form the dew. What conditions must exist for dew to form?

Cool air grew cooler; air moisture would freeze and collect as dew on the grass as it condensed.

Warm air grew warmer; the air would be able to hold more moisture and the excess collected as it condensed.

Cool air warmed; the air would be able to held less moisture and cause the water vapor to condense.

Warm air cooled; the air would be able to hold less moisture and cause the water vapor to condense.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Geologists have been on a quest to drill down to the mantle for several decades. THe goal is to learn more about volcanoes, earthquakes and how the planet works. The deepest hole so far is the Kola Superdeep Borehole in Russia. Over 20 years, a team drilled down 40,230 feet. That's only halfway to the mantle in that spot. The team encountered unexpectedly high temperatures that ruined their equipment. In addition, high pressure caused the rocks to ooze and fill the borehole over and over again. How does pressure change as you move from Earth’s surface to the inner core?

A. Pressure is highest in the crust, then decreases steadily in the mantle and core.

B. Pressure decreases as temperature increases in the mantle and core.

C. Pressure increases steadily as the weight of rocks above increases.

D. Pressure increases and decreases depending on the density of the rock layer.

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Earth Science End-of-Year Test

John lived in Florida. He liked to swim in the ocean and explore along the beach. Which Florida landforms would he be visiting during these activities?

Julia traveled to Hawaii with her parents on vacation. While they were there, she saw Kilauea, the world's most active volcano, erupting. She watched as ash flew upward and lava flowed down its bare, rocky sides and into the ocean. Which three of Earth's spheres were involved in this eruption?

Henry’s family bought a home on some land in the country. They will get their water supply from a well on the land, which sits over an aquifer. What is the path that water follows through the hydrosphere and geosphere to become drinking water for a family?

THe weather can vary from day to day. Through the use of observations, knowledge of air masses , and technology, certain kinds of scientists study the weather. What kind of scientist studies and predicts the weather?

As the hurricane season approached, Emma helped her mother check their supplies they kept in the event of a hurricane. Which two consequences can a severe storm such as a hurricane bring?

Olivia looked outside one morning and saw that the grass had moisture on the blades. She knew it had not rained the night before, so she wondered how the mixture had collected on the grass to form the dew. What conditions must exist for dew to form?

Elephant Rock is in Valley Fire State Park in Nevada. Look at the picture of Elephant Rock. What natural process or processes shaped this amazing rock?

THere are several different types of land features on Earth formed from different processes. Which natural land feature was formed at a divergent boundary?

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