Philippine Indigenous Laws and Livelihood

What are Philippine Indigenous Customary Laws primarily rooted in?

• Modern legislative systems

• Pre-colonial traditions and approved values of Indigenous Peoples

• Spanish and American laws

• International human rights conventions

Which of the following best describes the role of customary laws in Indigenous communities?

• They apply only to economic transactions

• They guide individual and group behaviors, governance, and conflict resolution

• They are limited to religious practices

• They are enforced by the Philippine government

What is the term for the traditional council of elders governing Cordilleran communities?

• Datu

• Baylan

• Lallakay or Amam-a

• Babaylan

In Cordilleran governance, what does 'Dap-ay' or 'Abong' refer to?

• The chief leader of a tribe

• The sacred burial grounds of elders

• The meeting place for council discussions

• A form of Indigenous taxation system

What is the purpose of the 'Bodong' or 'Pechen' system in Indigenous legal traditions?

• Establishing peace among neighboring tribes

• Distributing land to younger generations

• Organizing agricultural resources

• Documenting family histories

What is the primary livelihood of the Badjao people?

• Farming

• Fishing and seafaring

• Metalworking

• Wood carving

What type of land is managed by a single family for firewood, timber, and farming?

• Kaingin

• Kabunyan

• Rimaw

• Ili

What Indigenous agricultural practice involves shifting cultivation with minimal soil disturbance?

• Terrace farming

• Kaingin method

• Hydroponic farming

• Commercial monocropping

What group is known for their fishing expertise around Lake Mainit?

• Aeta

• Lubcon Mamamwas

• T'boli

• Subanen

What major external factor threatens the sustainability of Indigenous customary laws?

• Excessive tourism

• Mining, logging, and land grabbing

• Urban migration

• Overpopulation