PSY443 exam 2 study guide

What is the 3-term contingency?

• The 3-term contingency consists of a discriminative stimulus, a response, and a consequence.
• A response, a reward, and a behavior.
• A stimulus, a reaction, and a feedback.
• A cue, an action, and a trigger.

What does stimulus control mean?

• Stimulus control refers to the process of reinforcing a behavior.
• Stimulus control is the ability to ignore all stimuli in the environment.
• Stimulus control is the influence of specific stimuli on the occurrence of a behavior.
• Stimulus control means controlling the environment to eliminate all distractions.

What do the terms SD and S-delta mean in relation to discrimination learning?

• SD and S-delta both indicate reinforcement availability.
• SD indicates no reinforcement; S-delta indicates reinforcement availability.
• SD indicates punishment availability; S-delta indicates no punishment.
• SD indicates reinforcement availability; S-delta indicates no reinforcement.

What is stimulus discrimination?

• Stimulus discrimination is the inability to recognize any stimuli.
• Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond appropriately.
• Stimulus discrimination refers to the process of ignoring all stimuli.
• Stimulus discrimination is the same as generalization of stimuli.

What is stimulus discrimination training, and what is the outcome?

• The organism learns to ignore all stimuli regardless of their differences.
• The outcome of stimulus discrimination training is that the organism becomes able to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each.
• Stimulus discrimination training leads to a complete inability to respond to stimuli.
• The outcome is that the organism becomes confused by similar stimuli.

How is stimulus control used to teach new behaviors or modify problematic behaviors?

• Stimulus control is used to teach new behaviors by associating them with specific cues and reinforcing them, while modifying problematic behaviors by removing reinforcement in the absence of those cues.
• Stimulus control is only effective for modifying existing behaviors, not teaching new ones.
• Stimulus control involves ignoring all cues to change behavior.
• Stimulus control is used to teach behaviors by punishing unwanted actions.

What is an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

• An unconditioned stimulus triggers a natural response, while a conditioned stimulus is learned through association with the unconditioned stimulus.
• A conditioned stimulus is a natural response, while an unconditioned stimulus is learned through experience.
• An unconditioned stimulus is always harmful, while a conditioned stimulus is always beneficial.
• Both unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are the same and do not trigger any responses.

How does a neutral stimulus (NS) become a conditioned stimulus?

• A neutral stimulus can only become a conditioned stimulus if it is presented alone.
• A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
• A neutral stimulus is always a conditioned stimulus.
• A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through random exposure.

What is higher-order conditioning?

• Higher-order conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus gains the ability to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with a conditioned stimulus.
• A type of conditioning that does not involve any stimuli.
• A method of learning that involves only unconditioned stimuli.
• A process where a conditioned stimulus loses its ability to elicit a response.

Which is an example of higher-order conditioning?

• A bell that has been paired with food that causes salivation in a dog.
• A light that causes a dog to bark when paired with a whistle.
• A sound that has been paired with a light that causes a dog to sit.
• A light that has been paired with a bell that causes salivation in a dog.