Exploring Conformations and Thermodynamics

What is the relationship between Gibbs free energy and spontaneity?

• A positive change in Gibbs free energy indicates spontaneity.

• A negative change in Gibbs free energy indicates spontaneity.

• A zero change in Gibbs free energy indicates spontaneity.

• Gibbs free energy has no relation to spontaneity.

Explain the first law of thermodynamics and its implications.

• The first law states that energy can be destroyed.

• Energy is only conserved in closed systems.

• Energy can be created from nothing.

• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

What is the role of entropy in thermodynamic systems?

• Entropy is a measure of energy in a system.

• Entropy increases the efficiency of engines.

• Entropy is unrelated to the state of a system.

• Entropy measures disorder and dictates the direction of thermodynamic processes.

The Simmons-Smith reaction involves the treatment of alkenes with methylene iodide and which catalyst?

• Zinc-copper couple

• Nickel catalyst

• Platinum catalyst

• Sodium hydroxide

Which cycloalkane is prepared by catalytic reduction of benzene?

• Cyclopropane

• Cyclobutane

• Cyclopentane

• Cyclohexane

According to Baeyer's Strain Theory, which cycloalkane has maximum angle strain?

• Cyclopropane

• Cyclobutane

• Cyclopentane

• Cyclohexane

Which conformation of cyclohexane is more stable?

• Boat form

• Chair form

• Half-chair form

• Twist boat form

In the Sache-Mohr Theory, cyclohexane can become free from strain by:

• Adopting a planar structure

• Adopting a 'folded' or 'puckered' condition

• Forming additional bonds

• Increasing the bond angles to 120°

Which equation quantitatively relates lattice energy with ionic size, charges, and crystal structure?

• Fajan's rule
  

• Born-Landé equation
  

• VSEPR equation
  

• Valence Bond equation

According to the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, the magnitude of electron-pair repulsion follows the order:

• BP–BP > LP–BP > LP–LP
  

• LP–LP > LP–BP > BP–BP
  

• LP–BP > BP–BP > LP–LP
  

• LP–LP > BP–BP > LP–BP