a&p2 respiratory system

The nasopharynx is the - part of the pharynx (throat) and is part of both the respiratory and - systems.

Structures in the Nasopharynx:

    •    Pharyngeal —— (adenoids):腺样体 Lymphoid tissue involved in —— response.

    •    Torus tubarius: A cartilaginous elevation surrounding the opening of the Eustachian tube.

    •    Salpingopharyngeal fold: A fold of tissue that extends —— from the torus tubarius, containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle, which helps open the Eustachian tube during swallowing.

Function of the nasopharynx

    •    Conducts air from the nasal cavity to the ——— and ———.

    •    The Eustachian tubes help balance pressure in the middle ear.

    •    The pharyngeal tonsils help detect and respond to airborne ———.

Adenoid hypertrophy (enlarged adenoids) can obstruct the airway and cause breathing difficulties, sleep ———, and —— infections.

The ——— and ——— are supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

The rings are open at the ———, facing the esophagus, and connected by the trachealis muscle.

 This muscle allows for flexibility and ———- during coughing or swallowing.

Trachea rings keep the airway open during ———- and ———

The trachealis muscle allows the trachea to adjust ———— during coughing to expel foreign material.

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) are immune cells located within the ——— of the lungs.

Alveolar macrophages ——— and digest debris, ———, and dead cells.