UNIT 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

• Nucleus

• Ribosome

• Mitochondria

• Golgi apparatus

Answer explanation

The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell, through cellular respiration. This distinguishes them from the nucleus, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus.

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

• Atom

• Molecule

• Cell

• Organ

Answer explanation

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, as it is the smallest unit that can carry out all life processes. Atoms and molecules are components of cells, while organs are made up of multiple cells.

Which type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?

• Connective tissue

• Epithelial tissue

• Nervous tissue

• Muscle tissue

Answer explanation

Epithelial tissue is the type of tissue that covers body surfaces and lines body cavities, serving as a protective barrier and facilitating absorption and secretion.

What is the outermost layer of the skin called?

• Dermis

• Hypodermis

• Epidermis

• Subcutaneous layer

Answer explanation

The outermost layer of the skin is called the epidermis. It serves as a protective barrier and is crucial for maintaining skin health, while the dermis and hypodermis are deeper layers.

Which phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes aligning in the center of the cell?

• Prophase

• Anaphase

• Metaphase

• Telophase

Answer explanation

Metaphase is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane, ensuring proper separation during the next phase. This alignment is crucial for accurate distribution of genetic material.

What type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?

• Adipose tissue

• Dense connective tissue

• Reticular tissue

• Elastic tissue

Answer explanation

Dense connective tissue is the correct answer as it provides strength and support, forming tendons that connect muscles to bones and ligaments that connect bones to other bones.

Which pigment is responsible for skin color and protects against UV radiation?

• Hemoglobin

• Melanin

• Keratin

• Carotene

Answer explanation

Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin color and provides protection against UV radiation by absorbing harmful rays, reducing the risk of skin damage and cancer.

What type of muscle tissue is voluntary and striated?

• Cardiac muscle

• Smooth muscle

• Skeletal muscle

• Involuntary muscle

Answer explanation

Skeletal muscle is the type of muscle tissue that is both voluntary and striated. It is responsible for movement and is under conscious control, unlike cardiac and smooth muscles, which are involuntary.

What is the main function of the sebaceous glands?

• Produce sweat

• Produce oil

• Produce hair

• Detect pressure

Answer explanation

The main function of sebaceous glands is to produce oil, which helps to lubricate and protect the skin and hair. This oil, known as sebum, prevents dryness and maintains skin health.

Which tissue type is responsible for transmitting electrical signals?

• Connective tissue

• Muscle tissue

• Epithelial tissue

• Nervous tissue

Answer explanation

Nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body. It consists of neurons that carry impulses, making it essential for communication between different body parts.