Continuity and Change (Chapter Test)

What was one of Henry Ford’s key insights about the relationship between mass production and workers?

• Workers should be replaced by machines as soon as possible

• Higher wages would allow workers to buy the goods they produced

• Scientific management eliminated the need for wages

• Employees should only work six hours per day

What was the primary goal of scientific management, or Taylorism?

• Increasing worker wages

• Reducing the influence of labor unions

• Maximizing efficiency through standardized tasks

• Providing better working conditions

What strategy did some employers adopt to soften the effects of industrial labor conditions?

• Encouraging shorter work hours

• Implementing welfare capitalism programs such as lunchrooms and housing

• Allowing workers to control their own work schedules

• Eliminating the use of machines in factories

How did the Ford assembly line impact automobile production?

• It decreased the number of cars produced

• It increased the cost of cars

• It significantly reduced the time needed to build a car

• It led to the elimination of all factory jobs

How did electricity initially impact working-class and poor families?

• It was widely available and affordable for all

• It was primarily accessible to wealthy households and businesses

• It reduced the cost of household goods for all families

• It replaced coal and gas heating in tenements

What was a major difference in living conditions between the wealthy and the working class?

• Wealthy families relied on homemade goods, while working-class families purchased factory-made items

• Wealthy families had access to central heating, plumbing, and telephones, while many working-class families lacked these amenities

• Working-class families lived in suburban homes, while the wealthy remained in crowded tenements

• The wealthy relied more on bartering, while the working class used cash for purchases

Why did some workers struggle to purchase basic consumer goods, despite mass production?

• Factory jobs were unavailable to most workers

• Wages remained low for many industrial workers, making even cheap products inaccessible

• Consumer goods were only sold in rural areas

• Most consumer goods were produced for export rather than domestic consumption

How did women’s roles in the workforce reflect broader inequalities in American society?

• Women had equal opportunities for advancement in white-collar jobs

• Women were primarily limited to low-paying, service-oriented jobs

• Women dominated managerial positions in department stores

• Women were given the same wages as men for similar work

What was the significance of Procter & Gamble’s introduction of Crisco in 1912?

• It provided a healthier alternative to traditional cooking fats

• It was the first product marketed only to men

• It replaced butter as the primary dairy product in the U.S.

• It led to the collapse of the meat industry

How did companies like Heinz and Campbell’s transform food production?

• They replaced fresh produce with synthetic ingredients

• They relied on mass production and packaging innovations

• They eliminated competition from small farmers

• They introduced food rationing programs