Energy Transfer and Air Flow

The picture below shows a calorimeter being used to demonstrate a method of heat transfer. One cup is filled with hot water, and the other cup is filled with cold water. A metal bar extends through the lids into the water in both cups. Thermometers record changes in temperature. This calorimeter demonstrates the transfer of heat through the metal bar from

• cold water to hot water by conduction

• cold water to hot water by radiation

• hot water to cold water by conduction

• hot water to cold water by radiation

Electromagnetic energy travels through space from the Sun to the top of Earth's atmosphere by

• conduction

• convection

• radiation

• infiltration

Compared to path D, the amount of energy reaching Earth's surface following path B is likely

• less, because atmospheric transparency is less

• less, because atmospheric transparency is greater

• more, because atmospheric transparency is less

• more, because atmospheric transparency is greater

Arrows in the diagram below show three methods of energy transfer labeled A, B, and C. Identify the energy transfer processes A, B, and C.

• A: Conduction

  B: Convection

  C: Radiation

• A: Convection

  B: Conduction

  C: Radiation

• A: Convection

  B: Radiation

  C: Conduction

• A: Conduction

  B: Radiation

  C: Convection

Arrows in the diagram below represent the daytime flow of air over a coastal region. Explain the change of the density of the air that is caused by the absorption of radiation on the land. Identify the evidence from the model that supports your claim.

• The air density decreases due to heating, as shown by the upward arrows indicating rising warm air.

• The air density increases due to cooling, as shown by the downward arrows indicating sinking cool air.

• The air density remains constant, as there is no significant change in temperature.

• The air density fluctuates randomly, as indicated by the arrows pointing in various directions.

Describe one characteristic of an ice sheet that makes it a good reflector of insolation. Characteristic:

• High albedo

• Low density

• High temperature

• Low reflectivity

The change in the percentage of insolation reflected by the Greenland Ice Sheet creates feedbacks in the temperature of Greenland and the amount of ice in Greenland. What is the effect of this change on temperature and ice amount?

• Increased insolation leads to higher temperatures and more ice melting.

• Decreased insolation leads to lower temperatures and more ice formation.

• Increased insolation leads to lower temperatures and more ice formation.

• Decreased insolation leads to higher temperatures and more ice melting.

Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows a retreating valley glacier and the features that have formed because of the advance and retreat of the glacier. Explain the difference in surface albedo that causes the air temperature above the surrounding exposed bedrock and soil to be greater than the air temperature above the glacier ice.

• The albedo of the bedrock and soil is higher than that of the glacier ice, causing more heat absorption and higher air temperature.

• The albedo of the bedrock and soil is lower than that of the glacier ice, causing more heat absorption and higher air temperature.

• The albedo of the bedrock and soil is the same as that of the glacier ice, causing no difference in air temperature.

• The albedo of the bedrock and soil is lower than that of the glacier ice, causing less heat absorption and lower air temperature.

What latitude on Earth generally has the greatest amount of precipitation?

• 0° (Equator)

• 23.5° N (Tropic of Cancer)

• 23.5° S (Tropic of Capricorn)

• 66.5° N (Arctic Circle)

Which of the following is a process in the water cycle?

• conduction

• condensation

• levitation

• transcendentalism