Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment Test Review

Which factor contributed most to the development of the Renaissance in Italy?

• City-states in Italy had become wealthy from trade.

• Nobles in Italy had been military leaders in the Crusades.

• The Catholic Church provided political stability to the region.

• The region had become politically unified under one Italian king.

The most immediate cause of the Reformation included —

• Erasmus’ publishing of The Praise of Folly

• Martin Luther’s posting of the Ninety-five Theses

• John Calvin’s establishment of a theocracy in Geneva

• Henry VIII’s plea to Pope Clement VII for an annulment

A new theological doctrine that emerged from the Protestant Reformation included the idea of —

• good works

• salvation by grace

• sacramental traditions

• indulgences as forgiveness

The Crusades helped to contribute to the beginning of the European Renaissance by —

• introducing the Europeans to Islamic art

• destroying the libraries of Muslim scholars

• facilitating the revival of trade with the East

• inciting a rebellion against the Catholic Church

As a result of the Renaissance, many European political powers were able to —

• build an alliance against the Ottomans

• take control of trade in the Indian Ocean

• establish large overseas colonial empires

• eliminate the power of the Catholic Church

The changing social views that emphasized the growing individualism and secularism emerging during the European Renaissance came to be known as —

• enlightenment

• humanism

• rebirth

• reformation

What economic change in Europe during the Renaissance facilitated the flourishing of art that characterized the time period?

• Introduction of paper currency that was in higher demand by artists

• Creation of a barter system that allowed artists to trade more easily

• Growth of a merchant class with additional income used to patron the arts

• Development of government programs that paid for the education of artists

The Act of Supremacy of 1534 changed the religious patterns in England by —

• protecting the monasteries in England from Papal abuses

• allowing for the spread of the Lutheran religion to England

• making the monarch the head of the Christian church in England

• installing the Archbishop of Canterbury as the spiritual leader of England

How did the Reformation change the political composition of Europe?

• The Pope became the political advisor to many European monarchs.

• Eastern Europe became vulnerable to the advances of the Ottomans.

• Monarchies were overthrown and Protestant theocracies were created.

• Nobles aligned with either Catholic or Protestant traditions and went to war.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the religious changes brought about by the Reformation?

• It allowed Catholic priests to marry.

• It launched a Counter-Reformation.

• It replaced the Pope with a new leader.

• It issued an English translation of the Bible.