Multiple Choice Quiz: Advanced Placement Biology

What structures are involved in passing hereditary information from one generation to the next?

• Ribosomes

• Chromosomes

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplasts

Answer explanation

Chromosomes are the structures that carry hereditary information in the form of genes. They ensure the transmission of genetic traits from one generation to the next, making them essential for inheritance.

Which molecule is identified as the primary source of heritable information?

• RNA

• DNA

• Protein

• Lipids

Answer explanation

DNA is the primary source of heritable information, as it carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of all living organisms, unlike RNA, proteins, or lipids.

Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next primarily through:

• RNA replication

• DNA replication

• Protein synthesis

• Transcription

Answer explanation

Genetic information is primarily transmitted through DNA replication, which ensures that the genetic material is accurately copied and passed on to the next generation, unlike RNA replication or protein synthesis.

DNA is typically stored in the cell nucleus as:

• Linear strands

• Circular strands

• Chromatin

• Ribosomes

Answer explanation

DNA is stored in the cell nucleus as chromatin, which is a complex of DNA and proteins. This structure allows for efficient packaging and regulation of gene expression, unlike linear or circular strands.

Prokaryotic genomes are typically (a)  

• Linear
• Circular

Answer explanation

Prokaryotic genomes are typically circular, which distinguishes them from eukaryotic genomes that are usually linear. This circular structure allows for efficient replication and organization of genetic material.

Match the following characteristics with the type of genome they describe:

• Eukaryotic genomes

• Are circular

• Prokaryotic genomes

• Are linear and larger

• Non-genomic entities

• Lack DNA

• Prokaryotic genomes

• Are smaller

Answer explanation

Eukaryotic genomes are typically linear and larger than prokaryotic genomes, which are usually circular and smaller. This structural difference is a key characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes.

Plasmids are:

• Large proteins

• Circular DNA molecules

• RNA structures

• Ribosomal RNA

Answer explanation

Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes. They are distinct from large proteins, RNA structures, and ribosomal RNA, making 'circular DNA molecules' the correct choice.

The function of plasmids includes:

• Energy production

• Gene expression regulation

• Carrying genes for antibiotic resistance

• Protein synthesis

Answer explanation

Plasmids are small DNA molecules that can carry genes, including those for antibiotic resistance, allowing bacteria to survive in hostile environments. This is their primary function, unlike energy production or protein synthesis.

In biotechnology, plasmids are used for:

• Energy storage

• Gene cloning

• Photosynthesis

• Protein folding

Answer explanation

In biotechnology, plasmids are primarily used for gene cloning, which involves inserting a gene of interest into a plasmid to replicate it within a host cell. This process is essential for genetic engineering and research.

Characteristics of DNA include:

• Single-stranded structure

• Double-helix formation

• Presence of uracil

Answer explanation

DNA is characterized by its double-helix structure, which consists of two strands twisted around each other. It does not have a single-stranded structure or contain uracil; instead, it has thymine.