Cognitive Approach Revision

What does the multi-store model of memory (MSM) propose?

• Memory consists of a single store that updates constantly.

• Memory is divided into sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.

• All memories are stored indefinitely in the short-term store.

• It focuses only on the role of emotions in memory processing.

Which component of the working memory model (WMM) integrates information from different stores?

• Phonological loop

• Episodic buffer

• Visuospatial sketchpad

• Central executive

What is a key limitation of schema theory?

• It lacks empirical support.

• It overemphasizes genetics in cognition.

• It underestimates cognitive flexibility.

• It ignores the role of prior knowledge in perception.

Which assumption is NOT part of the cognitive approach?

• Mental processes can be scientifically studied.

• Cognition is shaped by social and cultural factors.

• All cognitive functions are entirely unconscious.

• Humans actively process information.

What does the dual-process model suggest?

• Emotions and cognition are entirely separate.

• Thinking relies on two systems: one fast/intuitive, one slow/analytical.

• Memory consists of implicit and explicit tracks.

• Cognitive biases only occur in fast-thinking.

What research method is most suitable for studying the effects of stress on memory?

• Natural experiment

• Longitudinal case study

• Laboratory experiment

• Observational study

How does reconstructive memory affect eyewitness testimony?

• Ensures highly accurate recall.

• Produces consistent, reliable recollections.

• Memories can be altered by post-event information.

• Flashbulb memories are immune to distortion.

In Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) study, what was the independent variable?

• Participants’ confidence in memory.

• Estimated speed of the crash.

• The wording of the question about the crash.

• The type of visual stimulus used.

Why are flashbulb memories emotionally vivid?

• They are less frequently rehearsed.

• They involve increased amygdala activation.

• They remain in short-term memory indefinitely.

• They are immune to cognitive biases.

Which bias explains why people seek information confirming pre-existing beliefs?

• Cognitive dissonance

• Confirmation bias

• Schema processing

• Anchoring bias