What are the four forces of evolution?

• A) Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Natural Selection

• B) Mutation, Genetic Variation, Natural Selection, Adaptation

• C) Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Adaptation, Selection

• D) Mutation, Selection, Variation, Drift.

The ______ effect occurs when a population suddenly becomes much smaller, leading to a shift in allele frequencies.

• Founder

• Bottleneck

• Genetic

• Drift

Which type of selection favors intermediate phenotypes and reduces variation?

• Disruptive Selection

• Stabilizing Selection

• Directional Selection

• Natural Selection

Natural selection for polygenic traits can take three forms: ______, ______, and ______.

• A) Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive

• B) Genetic, Drift, Flow

• C) Mutation, Selection, Drift

• D) Variation, Adaptation, Selection

Fitness depends on ______ and may be influenced by the ______.

• A) Environment, Population

• B) Genes, Environment

• C) Selection, Mutation

• D) Variation, Adaptation

What is the process by which new species evolve?

• Speciation

• Evolution

• Adaptation

• Mutation

For a new species to arise, some members must become ________, meaning they can no longer ________ with the original population.

• isolated, interact

• separated, communicate

• isolated, breed

• separated, evolve

An example of allopatric speciation is the ________ squirrel, which became isolated from ________ squirrels by the Grand Canyon and evolved distinct traits.

• A) Kaibab, Abert's

• B) Abert's, Kaibab

• C) Red, Gray

• D) Gray, Red

Which type of selection is illustrated by a population where the color of moths shifted from light to dark due to environmental changes?

• Stabilizing selection

• Directional selection

• Diversifying selection

• Disruptive selection

Sympatric speciation is less common than allopatric speciation because organisms typically ________ if they are in the same geographic area.

• interbreed

• migrate

• evolve

• separate