AP BIO 4.1_4.5 Cell Communication

What are the different ways cells can communicate with each other.

• Direct contact with other cells

• Short Distances

• Long Distances

Which cell receives the signal during cellular communication?

• The signaling molecule

• The receptor protein

• The response cell

• The target cell

When does reception occur during cell signaling?

• First

• Second

• Third

• Fourth

Specifically, what does a signaling molecule bind to in order to start transduction?

• A. A response protein

• B. Receptor Protein (relay protein)

• C. A signaling protein

• D. A transducer protein

Which is the final step in cell signaling?

• Reception

• Binding

• Transduction

• Response

How do we know that cell signaling is an ancient process?

• We do not know this; it is still being studied

• It’s not an ancient process; it was only recently discovered

• It has evolved to be a different process in more recently evolved organisms

• The process is similar for many different types of organisms

How do neurotransmitters act as ligands?

• Neurotransmitters bind to DNA, promoting gene transcription.

• Neurotransmitters prevent the body from processing toxic radicals.

• Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the outside of neurons to change their signaling.

• Neurotransmitters are broken down by the cell to release energy.

How does diabetes disrupt ligand signaling?

• Diabetes causes the body to no longer make the ligand glucagon.

• Diabetes causes an imbalance in the amount of neurotransmitter ligands in the brain.

• Diabetes causes the body to no longer make or no longer respond to the ligand insulin.

• Diabetes decreases diffusion of the ligand estrogen through the cell membrane.

Which of the following is true of all ligands?

• Ligands are always secreted into the blood prior to reaching their target cell.

• Ligands are never degraded after they are synthesized.

• Ligands ultimately enter the cell, even if they are extracellular or intracellular.

• Ligands bind to receptors to exert their effects on the cell.

Epinephrine is a ligand that binds to beta adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane of muscle cells. From there, other proteins are activated, such as PKA, which stimulates glycogen breakdown to glucose. Based on this information, which type of ligand is epinephrine?

• A. Intracellular ligand because it mediates changes inside the cell

• B. Extracellular ligand because it binds to receptors on the outside of the cell

• C. Intracellular ligand because it binds to receptors inside the cell

• D. Extracellular ligand because it only affects muscle cells, not liver cells