Evaluating Theories of Criminal Behaviour

What was a major flaw in Lombroso's study on criminality?

• He used a large and diverse control group.

• He did not use a control group.

• He focused only on white-collar crimes.

• He only studied female criminals.

According to the findings of Bath Spa University (2007), how much more likely are less attractive individuals to be considered guilty compared to attractive people?

• 10% more likely

• 25% more likely

• 50% more likely

• 75% more likely

What did Charles Goring find in his study using a non-criminal control group?

• Significant differences in physical appearance

• No significant differences in terms of behaviour

• Higher intelligence in criminals

• More physical abnormalities in non-criminals

What did Garland (1994) argue about Lombroso's contribution to criminology?

• He discredited the field entirely.

• He gave criminology a scientific credibility.

• He focused too much on white-collar crime.

• He ignored the role of genetics in criminality.

What percentage of delinquents were found to be mesomorphs in the study by Glueck & Glueck (1956)?

• 20%

• 40%

• 60%

• 80%

Which theory focuses on the impact of selective law enforcement and the differences in power between social classes?

• Left realism

• Marxism

• Learning theory

• Personality theory

What is a criticism of the learning theory in explaining criminal behaviour?

• It considers cognitive control over behaviour.

• It has high ecological validity.

• It ignores cognitive control over behaviour.

• It provides a long-term view of criminal behaviour.

What is a limitation of the personality theory in explaining criminal behaviour?

• It relies on stable traits that may not be consistent.

• It uses a diverse sample of offenders.

• It focuses on environmental factors only.

• It considers all offenders to be typical.

Which theory appreciates that crime is a real problem and aims to find its causes?

• Left realism

• Marxism

• Learning theory

• Personality theory

What did Sheldon use in his study to compare results regarding body build and criminality?

• A small sample size

• A control condition of non-offenders

• Only offenders with high intelligence

• A focus on white-collar crime