Transport in Mammals

Fig. 2.1 is a simplified diagram of the human circulatory system.
(i) State why the human circulatory system is described as a closed, double circulation.
(ii) Identify blood vessel Q and blood vessel R, shown in Fig. 2.1.
(iii) Blood leaving the heart passes through valves before it enters blood vessel R.

Which statement about the human circulatory system is correct?

• Blood passes twice through the heart in one complete circulation

• Blood, tissue fluid and lymph are all parts of the circulatory system

• Capillaries have the lowest blood pressure

• Veins in the circulatory system all carry deoxygenated blood

Which row is correct for the pulmonary artery?

• A

• B

• C

• D

A number of different tissues occur in the walls of major blood vessels.

Which row correctly identifies the main tissues found in the three layers of the wall of an artery?

• A

• B

• C

• D

When a doctor or nurse takes a blood sample from a person they use a needle to penetrate a vein, not an artery.

Which reasons explain why veins are used?

1 Arteries carry blood under more pressure than veins.

2 Arteries have a thicker middle layer than veins.

3 Veins carry deoxygenated blood.

4 Veins have a larger lumen than arteries.

• 1, 2, 3 and 4

• 1, 2 and 3 only

• 1, 2 and 4 only

• 3 and 4 only

Which features enable the aorta to withstand ventricular systole?

• collagen fibres and elastin fibres

• collagen fibres and smooth muscle

• elastin fibres and endothelium

• endothelium and smooth muscle

As blood flows from an artery to a vein, the thickness of the walls of the vessels changes.

Which bar chart shows these changes correctly?

• A

• B

• C

• D

As blood flows from an artery to a vein, the blood pressure in the vessels changes. The four graphs represent data for blood vessels in the sequence shown. Which graph shows these changes correctly?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Which comparisons of blood, tissue fluid and lymph are correct?

1 Blood has a higher concentration of proteins than tissue fluid because the larger

proteins are too big to pass through the endothelial pores into tissue fluid.

2 Lymph has a higher concentration of lymphocytes than tissue fluid as a high number

of lymphocytes are located in lymph nodes.

3 Macrophages are too large to leave the blood to enter tissue fluid whereas neutrophils, which are much smaller, can enter tissue fluid and pass into lymph

• 1, 2 and 3

• 1 and 2 only

• 2 and 3 only

• 3 only

The photograph shows blood cells as seen using a high power light microscope. Which row correctly identifies the different types of white blood cell?

• 1. 1. Lymphocyte
     2. Monocyte
     3. Neutrophil

• 1. 1. Monocyte
     2. Neutrophil
     3. Macrophage

• 1. 1. Neutrophil
     2. Monocyte
     3. Lymphocyte

• 1. 1. Phagocyte
     2. Lymphocyte
     3. Monocyte