Urban Issues key terms

cultural diversity

• The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a city or society.

• The practice of promoting a single culture over others.

• The process of cultural assimilation into a dominant culture.

• The study of cultural artifacts and their significance.

agglomeration economy

• The economies of scale derived by firms clustering together and sharing ancillary services and public utilities; includes industrial linkages, specialised labour force, bulk buying, and shared marketing.

• A situation where firms operate independently without any collaboration or shared resources.

• The process of firms relocating to rural areas to reduce costs and increase efficiency.

• An economic model that focuses solely on the production of goods without considering external factors.

intensification of urban areas

• Development within urban areas, especially the creation of higher-density development.

• Reduction of urban sprawl and increase in green spaces.

• Increase in suburban housing and decrease in urban population density.

• Expansion of urban areas into rural regions.

postmodern city

• An urban form associated with changes in urban structure, architectural design and planning, reflecting the changed social and economic conditions of the late twentieth century in some western cities.

• A city characterized by a strict adherence to modernist architectural principles and urban planning.

• A type of city that emphasizes green spaces and sustainable living practices.

• A city that has remained unchanged since the early twentieth century, maintaining its historical architecture.

post-industrial economy

• Economic development focused on agriculture and raw materials.

• Economic development which focuses on services and the knowledge economy rather than manufacturing.

• Economic development that prioritizes heavy industry and manufacturing.

• Economic development that relies solely on technology and automation.

Stakeholders

• Individuals, groups, or organisations affected by an issue.

• People who have no interest in the issue.

• Only government entities involved in the issue.

• Individuals who create the issue.

knowledge economy

• An economy based on creating, evaluating, and trading knowledge and high-level skills.

• An economy primarily focused on agriculture and raw materials.

• An economy that relies heavily on manufacturing and industrial production.

• An economy driven by consumer spending and retail sales.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

• Computer database systems for capturing, storing, analysing, and displaying geographical information from various sources.

• A type of software used for creating 3D models of buildings.

• A system for managing social media interactions and analytics.

• A method for tracking and analyzing financial transactions.

Teleworking

• A work arrangement allowing a person to work from home using technologies like the internet and mobile phones.

• A type of employment where employees are required to work in an office setting.

• A flexible work schedule that allows employees to choose their working hours.

• A temporary work arrangement for seasonal jobs.

exurbs

• Residential areas planned and built beyond the suburbs to create large extended suburbs, typically associated with urban sprawl.

• Urban areas that are densely populated and have high-rise buildings.

• Rural areas that are completely isolated from urban centers.

• Suburban areas that are primarily commercial and industrial.