In-Text Citation Guidelines

When is "et al." used for in-text citations?

• If there are two authors for a work, and you have listed both authors the first time you mention them in your text

• If there are three or more authors of a work

• Only when referencing textbooks

According to Jones, "the APA Manual changes every few years, so it is important to stay on top of changes in the current edition" (p. 87).

• According to Jones, "the APA Manual changes every few years, so it is important to stay on top of changes in the current edition." (p. 87)

• According to Jones (2011), "the APA Manual changes every few years, so it is important to stay on top of changes in the current edition" (p. 87).

• According to Jones, "the APA Manual changes every few years, so it is important to stay on top of changes in the current edition" (2011 p. 87).

Which of the following passages demonstrates the best way to cite information in text that has been summarized or paraphrased?

• • Flipping the nursing classroom is an active learning strategy that can promote higher-level learning in nursing education (Missildine, Fountain, Summers, & Gosselin, March 2013, p. 145).

• • "Flipping the nursing classroom (Missildine, Fountain, Summers, & Gosselin, 2013) is an active learning strategy that can promote higher-level learning in nursing education." (Missildine, Fountain, Summers, & Gosselin, 2013).

• • Flipping the nursing classroom is an active learning strategy that can promote higher-level learning in nursing education (Missildine, Fountain, Summers, & Gosselin, March 6, 2013).

• • Flipping the nursing classroom is an active learning strategy that can promote higher-level learning in nursing education (Missildine, Fountain, Summers, & Gosselin, 2013).

Which of the following in-text citations for a direct quote is correct?

• • "Environmental factors contribute as much as 80% to cases of obesity" (Lee, 2014)

• • Environmental factors contribute as much as 80% to cases of obesity. (Lee, 2014, p. 5)

• • "Environmental factors contribute as much as 80% to cases of obesity" (Lee, 2014, p. 5).

• • "Environmental factors contribute as much as 80% to cases of obesity" (A. Lee, 2014, page 5).

If you are using a quote longer than 40 words, you should

• • single-space and enclose the quotation in quotation marks.

• • double-space and indent the quotation half an inch.

• • double-space, indent half an inch, and enclose the quotation in quotation marks.

• • double-space and enclose the quotation in quotation marks.

• • single-space, indent half an inch, and enclose the quotation in quotation marks.

Which of the following is the correct format for citing a quote by Dr. Satcher (the former Surgeon General) that appears in a secondary source (Crister, 2003)?

• • Former surgeon general Dr. David Satcher described "a nation of young people seriously at risk of starting out obese and dooming themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a tough illness" (as cited in Crister, 2003, p. 4). 

• • Dr. David Satcher described "a nation of young people seriously at risk of starting out obese and dooming themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a tough illness."

• • Former surgeon general Dr. David Satcher described "a nation of young people seriously at risk of starting out obese and dooming themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a tough illness" (Crister, 2003).

• • A nation of young people is seriously at risk of starting out obese and dooming themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a tough illness (Crister, 2003).

Which of the following would be the correct format for paraphrasing an idea from the author of a non-edited text book?

• • A nurse in the expert stage will unconsciously process many aspects of patient care at once, whereas a novice nurse needs more time for clinical decision making (Benner, Patricia, 2001).

• • A nurse in the expert stage will unconsciously process many aspects of patient care at once, whereas a novice nurse needs more time for clinical decision making (Benner, 2001). 

• • Benner (2001) maintains that a nurse in the expert stage will unconsciously process many aspects of patient care at once, whereas a novice nurse needs more time for clinical decision making.

• • Benner states that a nurse in the expert stage will unconsciously process many aspects of patient care at once, whereas a novice nurse needs more time for clinical decision making.

Which of the following are correct when citing a personal communication? Select all that apply.

• • List it in the reference page as a primary source.

• • Use this format in text: Ronald Diaz, 2017.

• • Only reference in text, as personal communication is not recoverable data.

• • Use this format in text: (R. Diaz, personal communication, August 15, 2017).

• • Use the format in the reference page for newspaper articles

Which of the following demonstrates the correct way to cite multiple references in text in the same parenthesis?

• • (Benner, Patricia, 2011; Erikson, Erik, 1952, Nightingale, Florence, 1892, Watson, Jean, 2017)

• • (Benner, 2011; Erikson, 1952; Nightingale, 1892; Watson, 2017)

• • (Benner, P., 2011; Erickson, E., 1952; Nightingale, F., 1892; Watson, J., 2017)

• • (Benner, 2011, Erikson, 1952, Nightingale, 1892, Watson, 2017)

What information would an in-text citation include if the author is unknown?

• • The word "anonymous," followed by the year and place of publication

• • The first few words of the reference list entry and the year

• • The word "anonymous," followed by the year

• • The first few words of the reference list entry, the year, and place of publication