Perspectives on Conscience and Morality

Which philosopher viewed conscience as a direct experience of God, involving an immediate awareness of the divine?

• Sigmund Freud

• Friedrich Schleiermacher

• Joseph Butler

• Émile Durkheim

According to Sigmund Freud, conscience is part of which component of the psyche?

• Id

• Ego

• Superego

• Collective unconscious

Joseph Butler believed that conscience is:

• A socially conditioned construct

• A God-given faculty with the highest authority

• A psychological construct developed through childhood

• A process of making decisions based on love

Which philosopher rejected the idea of conscience as a static moral guide and instead saw it as a process of making decisions based on love?

• Lawrence Kohlberg

• Thomas Aquinas

• Joseph Fletcher

• Erich Fromm

Erich Fromm distinguished between two types of conscience. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

• Authoritarian conscience

• Humanistic conscience

• Rational conscience

• None of the above

Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his theory of conscience development through:

• Stages of moral reasoning

• Immediate awareness of the divine

• Internalised moral codes

• Social conditioning

Émile Durkheim viewed conscience as:

• A result of divine guidance

• A psychological construct

• A sociological construct shaped by societal norms

• A rational intuition

Which philosopher's viewpoint on conscience involves a feeling of absolute dependence on God?

• Joseph Butler

• Friedrich Schleiermacher

• Sigmund Freud

• Lawrence Kohlberg

Sigmund Freud believed that the superego punishes the ego with guilt for:

• Following divine guidance

• Acting against societal norms

• Making decisions based on love

• Rational intuition

Joseph Butler emphasised the inherent ability of humans to:

• Follow societal norms

• Discern moral truth

• Experience divine guidance

• Develop through stages