Transduction

Which kind of receptors are seen here?

• G-coupled protein receptor

• RTK's

• Gated ion channels

What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?

• size

• polarity

• ability to cross the membrane

• all of these

Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?

• cAMP

• G-protein

• protein kinases

• phosphatases

After a cellular response, how is it terminated?

• separate the ligand and receptor

• block the transduction pathway

• it will keep responding

• send out a different signal

Phosphorylation cascades are often used for

• reception

• responses

• amplification

• termination

Which is a secondary messenger?

• ATP

• Ca²⁺​

• Hormone

• Ligand

What is the signaling molecule & where does it bind?​

• Ligand; Enzyme​

• Ligand; Receptor​

• Substrate; Enzyme​

• Substrate; Receptor​

Which of the following act as secondary messengers?​

• ATP and Ca²⁺​

• Ca²⁺ and cAMP​

• cAMP and ligand​

• Ligand and ATP​

In the context of cellular communication, what is transduction?

• The process of converting a signal from one form to another

• The movement of molecules across a cell membrane

• The replication of DNA

• The synthesis of proteins

Which of the following best describes the role of a receptor in signal transduction?

• To amplify the signal

• To convert the signal into a cellular response

• To degrade the signal

• To transport the signal across the cell