IB Biology HL

Phylogenetic tree

• The study of evolutionary past of a species

• A diagram that shows the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

• A group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor but not including all descendents

• Salt loving; organisms that prefer environments with high salinity

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-2

NGSS.MS-LS4-3

Clades/Monophyletic group

• An organism that is able to live in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, radiation, salinity, or pH level

• Salt loving; organisms that prefer environments with high salinity

• The process of placing taxa where they clearly show monophyletic groups, indicating that they all share a recent common ancestor.

• Group compromising the most recent common ancestor of that group and all its descendants

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS4-1

Cladistics

• Classifying organisms using molecular differences in protein sequences and DNA

• A natural system of classification for grouping taxa based on the characteristics that have evolved most recently.

• The process of joining two single strands of DNA to form double-stranded DNA connected with hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases

• Heat loving; organisms that prefer environments with very high temperature

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-1

NGSS.MS-LS4-2

DNA hybridization

• The process of joining two single strands of DNA to form double-stranded DNA connected with hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases

• Diagram to represent evolutionary relationships based on observable traits

• Two descendents that split from the same node

• The base from which other species branch out 

Molecular clock

• The place where a speciation event happened and the relative position of the common ancestor

• The end point of a cladogram

• A technique that can estimate the time of the speciation events using the mutation rate of biomolecules.

• A group of all organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor; not shared with another group.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS4-1

NGSS.HS-LS4-2

Cladogram

• A natural system of classification for grouping taxa based on the characteristics that have evolved most recently.

• Spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit rRNA and the large-subunit rRNA; contains the fasted evolving region of rRNA in many organisms

• A group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor but not including all descendents

• Diagram to represent evolutionary relationships based on observable traits

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-2

Sister groups

• Two descendants that split from the same node

• The domain with bacteria

• Heat loving; organisms that prefer environments with very high temperature

• A natural system of classification for grouping taxa based on the characteristics that have evolved most recently.

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-2

Outgroup

• The study of evolutionary past of a species

• Organisms that are so sensitive to certain types of pollution that their presence in an ecosystem indicates a lack of pollution.

• Group that is less closely related to the others in the cladogram.

• Three largest groupings for organisms

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-2

Root

• The end point of a cladogram

• The base from which other species branch out 

• The domain with bacteria

• A technique that can estimate the time of the speciation events using the mutation rate of biomolecules.

Internal transcribed spacer

• An organism that is able to live in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, radiation, salinity, or pH level

• Spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit rRNA and the large-subunit rRNA; contains the fasted evolving region of rRNA in many organisms

• The process of placing taxa where they clearly show monophyletic groups, indicating that they all share a recent common ancestor.

• Methane loving; organisms that prefer environments with high methane concentration