Regents Living Environment Review

Why are sexually reproducing organisms more likely to survive in a changing environment?

• they produce more offspring in each generation

• offspring are identical

• offspring have more variety

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Many hormones are proteins used in cellular communication. Each hormone carries a specific message to specific target cells. State why each of these hormones is able to deliver a different message.

Answer explanation

— Each hormone has a different shape and attaches to a specific receptor.

— Hormones differ in their shapes. If this shape were changed, the molecule would not send

the necessary message to the cell.

— Different sequences of amino acids make different hormones, giving them a unique shape.

— Cell receptors are specific for certain hormones.

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The diagram shows an experimental setup using an artificial plant cell. Molecules A and B are commonly found in plant cells. When tested, it was discovered that molecule A quickly passed through the artificial plant cell membrane. Molecule B did not pass through. The locations of molecules A and B at the beginning of the experiment are shown. Which statement best describes what was observed when the setup was examined 20 minutes later?

• Molecule A remained inside the artificial cell and molecule B remained outside.

• Only molecule A was found both inside and outside the artificial cell.

• Only molecule B was found both inside and outside the artificial cell.

• Both molecules A and B were found inside and outside the artificial cell.

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Cell membranes are said to be selectively permeable. Which statement best explains what selectively permeable means?

• The cell membrane prevents any harmful substance from entering the cell.

• The cell membrane lets certain substances enter the cell and keeps certain substances out of the cell.

• The cell membrane allows only large molecules to diffuse into the cell.

• The cell membrane has pores that let only water and glucose into the cell and carbon dioxide out.

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Each body cell contains the same genetic information, but can differ in appearance and size. The diagram below shows three different types of cells found in the human body. Identify one similarity, other than the genetic information, that these body cells have. Explain why differences in these human body cells are a biological advantage.

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The diagram below represents a laboratory experiment involving sucrose and water molecules in a cellophane bag which functions in the same way as dialysis tubing.

Which statement correctly explains the rise of liquid in the tube at the end of the experiment?

• The concentration of sucrose molecules increased as water molecules entered the bag. This concentration

  increase pushed the liquid up the tube.

• Water entered the bag due to the lower concentration of water inside. The extra water pushed the liquid

  up the tube as the bag filled.

• Sucrose indicator entered the bag and reacted with the sucrose molecules. The reaction made the bag

  increase in size and pushed the liquid up the tube.

• Sucrose molecules moved out of the bag and up the tube while water moved out, causing the rise of

  liquid in the tube

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The processes of diffusion and active transport

are both used to

• move molecules against a concentration

  gradient, using ATP molecules

• bring molecules into cells when they are

  more concentrated outside of the cell

• move molecules into or out of cells of the

  body

• break down molecules to release energy

Although all of the cells of a plant contain the

same genetic material, root cells and leaf cells are

not identical because they

• select different cells to express

• delete different sections of their enzymes

• use different genetic bases for the synthesis

  of DNA

• use different parts of their genetic instructions

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Before they can pass from a parent cell to its

offspring cells, the inherited instructions that a

human cell carries must first be

• accurately replicated

• used to make specific protein molecules that

  form genes

• moved into the nucleus

• broken down and made into DNA molecules

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Which dissolved substance do aquatic animals

remove from their external environment for use

in cellular respiration?

• carbon dioxide

• oxygen molecules

• ATP molecules

• nitrogen gas