AP Biology Phylogenetic Trees

Cytochrome c is a protein made up of 104 amino acids. It is found in the mitochondria and aides in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. The data table represents the number of amino acid differences in cytochrome c between organisms A, B, C, and D.

The phylogenetic trees represent possible interpretations of the data in the chart.

Which phylogenetic trees represent the data accurately?

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

What is the best inference about biochemical relationships that could be made from this model?

• The amino acid sequences of a lancelet and a tuna are more similar than that of a tuna and a salamander. This is due to the lancelet and the tuna both residing entirely in water while the salamander can survive on land.

• The amino acid sequences of a salamander and a turtle are less similar than that of a turtle and a leopard. This is due to the turtle and the salamander both being adapted to life in water or land.

• The amino acid sequences of a lancelet and a tuna are less similar than that of a tuna and a salamander. This is due to the lancelet and the tuna splitting from a common ancestor longer ago.

• The amino acid sequences of a salamander and a turtle are more similar than that of a turtle and a leopard. This is due to the turtle and the salamander both being adapted to life in water or land.

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

Based on the phylogenetic tree, what organism is the human most closely related to?

• fish

• mouse

• salamander

• human

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

What point on the cladogram represents the alligator and T. rex's common ancestor?

• Point A

• Point B

• Point C

• Point D

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NGSS.MS-LS4-1

NGSS.MS-LS4-2

According to the cladogram, all the organisms to the right of the hagfish share which characteristic?

• fur

• claws or nails

• lungs

• jaws

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-2

Based on the characteristics in the cladogram, which organism would fit the best in the B position?

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

Based on the characteristics in the cladogram, which organism would fit the best in the D position?

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

Two organisms that are closely related would have:

• very similar DNA sequence.

• exactly the same DNA sequences.

• no proteins in common.

• completely different DNA sequences.

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Biochemical evidence

According to this phylogenetic tree, which species is the least related out of all pictured?

• fish

• frog

• salamander

• human

Tags

Phylogenetic tree

Which two groups of organisms have the MOST genetic DIFFERENCES?

• rotifers and nematodes

• mollusks and annelids

• mollusks and arthropods

• echinoderms and chordates

Tags

Phylogenetic tree