AP Cell Communication

Adrenaline (a hormone) is released from your adrenal glands to affect various systems in the body. This is an example of ____ signaling.

• synaptic

• long distance

• paracrine

• direct

Which type of receptor is involved in signal pathways and binds to polar, water-soluble ligands?

• G protein coupled receptors

• Ion channels

• Intracellular receptors

• Ligand gated ion channels

Plant cells can exchange small soluble compounds with neighboring cells directly through junctions in the cell wall called -

• gap junctions

• thylakoids

• stomata

• plasmodesmata

This diagram shows transduction of a signal. How is the signal being transduced to its target location in the cell?

• A hormone is binding to an intracellular protein receptor

• Transport vesicles are passing neurotransmitters to neighboring cells

• Enzymes are passing phosphate groups down a series of proteins

• cAMP is formed activating a desired response

If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?

• It would increase the response if the pathway

• It would trigger the release of more ligands

• It would activate the transcription of a desired gene

• It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response

The structure labeled 'E' is called _____ and is filled with ______

• Vacuole; lipids

• Synapse; neurotransmitters

• Membrane; lipids

• Vesicle; neurotransmitters

cAMP is considered a "secondary messenger" which takes the original message (from the ligand) and _____________.

• amplifies it (spreads/grows it)

• shuts it off

• simply transfers the message to one kinase molecule

Which of these is a common type of final response in a signal transduction pathway?

• Activation of a G-protein receptor

• Transcription of a desired mRNA sequence

• Formation of cAMP

• Phosphorylation cascade

Why do hormones not affect every cell in the body when they are released?

• All cells are affected by a hormone when it is released

• A cell needs a specific receptor for the hormone to be affected

• A cell must have the proper ATP levels to activate a cellular response

• Cells need compatible DNA for the hormone to activate transcription of a gene

Secondary messengers that can activate or deactivate enzymes in a cell are typically part of which step of cell signaling?

• Reception

• Transduction

• Response