AP Biology Energy Review

How are the ATP synthase enzymes in photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?

• They both rely on chemiosmosis of hydrogens down a gradient to power phosphorylation

• They are both located in the cytoplasm of the cell

• They both use oxygen to create a concentration gradient

• They both receive hydrogen ions from FADH₂

When will lactic acid build up in animal cells?

• When there is excess carbon dioxide

• When the cells produce too much ATP

• When there is not enough oxygen to fuel the mitochondria

• When the cells need to remove excess oxygen to avoid damaging their components.

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Enzymes ___________________ activation energy to speed up chemical reactions.

• increase

• decrease

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How does a competitive inhibitor affect an enzymes function?

• It binds to an allosteric site that alters the shape of the enzyme

• It changes the polarity of the enzyme, decreasing the rate of reaction

• It denatures the enzyme which increases the activation energy for the reaction.

• It binds to the active site, preventing the enzyme from catalyzing the reaction

What is chemiosmosis?

• The diffusion of electrons through the electron transport chain

• The breakdown of a glucose molecule

• The diffusion of protons down their concentration gradient

• The active transport of NADH into the mitochondria

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What are the net products of photosynthesis?

• 6 CO₂, 6 H₂O, Energy

• 6 O₂ and 6 H₂O

• C₆H₁₂O₆ and 6 O₂

• 6 CO₂ and C₆H₁₂O₆

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What powers the rotation of ATP synthase enzymes in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

• The energy absorbed during the light reactions.

• The electronegativity of oxygen

• Energy released by breaking the chemical bonds in glucose

• The diffusion of hydrogen

What are the products of glycolysis?

• Pyruvate, ATP, water, NADH

• Carbon dioxide, FADH₂, NADH, ATP

• 32 ATP

• NADPH and ATP

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Based on this graph, which enzyme would function best in a basic environment?

• A

• B

What is the relationship between an enzymes active site and its substrate?

• The active site has the right polarity to interact with the substrate.

• The active site is hydrophobic and interacts with other hydrophobic amino acids on the substrate

• The active site has a specific shape that fits the shape of the substrate

• The active site uses energy to form covalent bonds with the substrate