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Two of the models created to show the solar system were Ptolemy's geocentric and Copernicus's heliocentric. Which characteristic is the same for both models?

• The Earth revolves around the Sun.

• Uranus and Neptune are not included.

• The Sun is located at the center.

• The Earth orbits the moon.

The surface of Mercury has many more craters than the surface of Earth has. Which of the following statements best explains why Mercury has many more craters than Earth has?

• Mercury rotates faster than Earth does.

• Mercury has a smaller mass than Earth has.

• Mercury is much closer to the Sun than Earth is.

• Mercury has a thinner atmosphere than Earth has.

Denise learned in her Earth Space Science class that there are two factors that cause the seasons. What are these factors?

• A. Earth’s revolution around the sun and the tilt of Earth on its axis.

• B. The spin of Earth’s on its axis and the brightness of the sun.

• C. Earth’s revolution around the sun and the sun’s brightness.

• D. Earth’s tilt and speed of rotation on its axis.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-1

Which statement accurately explains a relationship the moon has with the Earth?

• The moon reflects light from the sun.

• Seasons are caused by the position of the moon.

• The moon orbits around the Earth and changes phases.

• Light from the Earth causes the moon to shine at night.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-1

Seasons change on Earth throughout the year. Which of the following factors play into these changes.

• The side of the Earth facing the sun experiences summer and the side facing away is having winter.

• The sun’s rays strike the Earth directly during the warm summer and are less direct in the winter.

• The sun is dimmer during the cooler winter months and brighter during the hot summer.

• The tilt of the Earth is greater during the spring and fall which results in mild weather.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-6

The water level at the beach changes during the day. What causes the different water levels?

• Earth’s revolution

• The Moon’s gravitational pull

• The Moon’s rotation

• Earth’s magnetic field

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-4

What will have to change for the seasons to change?

• The tilt of the Earth.

• The tilt of the moon.

• The location of the sun.

• The position of the Earth.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-1

Which season is the northern hemisphere experiencing when the Earth and Sun are in the positions shown in the illustration?

• Summer because the Southern Hemisphere being tilted away from the sun.

• Winter because the Northern Hemisphere is being tilted away from the sun.

• Spring due to the Southern Hemisphere being tilted towards the sun.

• Fall due to the Northern hemisphere being tilted away from the sun.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-1

The distance between objects, along with the masses of the objects, affect the gravitational force between the objects. Which statement is true according to Newton’s law of universal gravitation?

• When the masses of objects increase, gravitational force decreases

• When distance between objects increases, gravitational force decreases.

• When distance between objects decreases, gravitational force decreases

• When the masses of objects decrease, the distance between objects decreases.

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NGSS.MS-PS2-4

Which of the following best describes the formation of the solar system?

• The Sun ejected rocky material, which later went on to form the planets.

• A rotating disk of gas and dust was drawn together by the force of gravity.

• One very large planetary body broke apart into several smaller planets.

• Several stars of different masses cooled and formed the planets and the Sun.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-2