Pesticide and Antibiotic Resistance

A population of cockroaches was sprayed with an insecticide. Some cockroaches survived and produced a population of cockroaches that was resistant to this spray. What can BEST be inferred from this example?

• species will adapt no matter what the environment

• environment has no effect on the survival of an organism

• Individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce

• Insecticides cause mutations that are passed on to the next generation

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The table below shows what happens to an insect population before and after a pesticide is added.

Which of the following best explains why more of the pesticide-resistant insects were present in the second generation?

• Because of the pesticides in plants, insects in the second generation developed a tolerance for pesticides

• Because of heredity, insects with genes for pesticide resistance passed it on to the following generation

• Because of the environment, parent insects taught their offspring to be pesticide resistant in order to survive

• Because of heredity, insects learned to avoid pesticides on plants

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The pesticide DDT was used extensively in the past to reduce the numbers of malaria-carrying mosquitoes. At first, application of DDT killed almost all the mosquitoes in treated populations. Over years, however, DDT-resistant populations (ones where most mosquitoes were not killed by normal doses of DDT) began to emerge. Which of the following best explains how DDT resistance emerged in the mosquitoes?

• The individual mosquitos in the starting populations sensed the environmental threat and mutated genes that made them insensitive to DDT

• Populations with DDT resistance are better-adapted for any environment than populations without DDT resistance, so they would have evolved sooner or later (regardless of whether DDT was applied)

• When DDT was applied, rare individuals with DDT resistance mutations were more likely to survive and leave offspring, eventually leading to populations composed largely of resistant mosquitoes

• The mosquitoes must all have been DDT-resistant to begin with, because there is no genetic variation in natural populations of mosquitoes

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Which of the following best describes how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

• Bacteria learn to avoid antibiotics

• Bacteria have a mutation that allows them to survive and pass on resistant genes

• Bacteria become larger in size

• Bacteria stop reproducing

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Why is it important to finish ALL of an antibiotic, even if you feel better?

• If all of the infectious bacteria are not killed, the bacteria may continue to multiply. Some of these bacteria may have a mutation that makes them resistant to the antibiotic. This could cause resistant bacteria to spread.

• If all of the antibiotic is not used, the surviving bacteria may learn how to fight off the antibiotic, causing the sickness to get even worse.

• If all of the antibiotic is not used, the bacteria may begin ingesting your skin cells, causing a new sickness to arise.

• If all of the antibiotic is not used, the surviving bacteria may cooperate with other infectious bacteria, resulting in two separate infections at the same time.

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What is the primary reason for the development of pesticide resistance in insects?

• Insects mutate in response to pesticides

• Insects with natural resistance survive and reproduce

• Pesticides cause genetic changes in all insects

• Insects learn to avoid pesticides

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How does antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria?

• Bacteria evolve to avoid antibiotics

• Bacteria with resistance genes survive and reproduce

• Antibiotics cause bacteria to mutate

• Bacteria become immune to all antibiotics

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Why is it important to use a full course of antibiotics?

• To ensure all bacteria are killed, preventing resistance

• To prevent bacteria from learning to resist antibiotics

• To avoid bacteria from becoming larger

• To stop bacteria from reproducing

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What is a common consequence of overusing pesticides in agriculture?

• Increased crop yield

• Development of resistant pest populations

• Improved soil health

• Decreased pest populations permanently

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Which of the following best explains why some bacteria survive antibiotic treatment?

• They hide from the antibiotic

• They have a genetic mutation that provides resistance

• They become dormant

• They are larger in size

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