Informational Reading Structures

Signal words for a cause and effect text structure might include...

• for example, for instance, in addition
• differs, alike, both, either, however
• reasons, result, impact, influenced, therefore
• propose, conclude, dilemma, challenge

Signal words for a description text structure might include...

• for example, consists of, characteristics
• first, next, before, after, finally, last
• either, both, as well as, yet, but also
• consequences, influence, outcome, leads to

A problem solution text structure will answer questions like...

• What can be improved, changed, fixed, or remedied?
• What happened and why?
• What are the steps, procedures, or directions to follow?
• What are the most important aspects of the topic?

When the author uses a sequence text structure he/she...

• will explain a topic, idea, person, place or feature
• will list items or events in chronological order
• explain why two or more things are alike or different
• explain why or how something happened, exists or works

A compare and contrast text structure is usually illustrated using a graphic organizer such as a...

• Venn diagram
• cluster diagram
• timeline
• boxes with arrows

Determine the text structure:
All crocodilians are reptiles with long snouts, long tails, four short legs, tough skin, and sharp teeth. Members of the crocodilian family include alligators, crocodiles, caimans, and gavials. Crocodilians live in warm weather throughout the year and they spend part of their time in the water and part of their time on land. Almost all crocodilians grow to be very large, with the largest more than twenty feet long. There are two kinds of alligators, 14 kinds of crocodiles, eight kinds of caimans, and one kind of gavial.

• compare/contrast
• problem/solution
• sequence/order
• description

Determine the text structure:
On the river banks of the Nile River, home to some crocodiles, there are many kinds of birds, sometimes called crocodile birds because they are always hopping around crocodiles. The big crocodiles and the birds are useful to each other for several reasons. The birds eat flies and leeches that they find on the crocodiles’ skin and mouths. In this way, the birds get a good mean and the crocodiles get rid of the leeches and flies. Sometimes an enemy frightens the birds who scream and fly away. As a result of the noise, the birds give the crocodiles a warning of danger.

• sequence/order
• comparison/contrast
• description
• cause/effect

Determine the text structure:
In most parts of the world there are not as many crocodiles as there used to be. This is a problem because crocodiles are becoming endangered and also crocodile are necessary to the balance of nature. Many crocodiles have died because people dried up the swamps and marshes where the crocodiles live. Poachers have also contributed to the dilemma as crocodiles have been desired for their strong, smooth, leathery skins. In order to preserve these mighty creatures, people must take care of the crocodiles’ environment and help put a stop to the needless shooting of these animals.

• problem/solution
• sequence/order
• compare/contrast
• description

Determine the text structure:
Alligators and crocodiles, along with their relatives the caimans and the gavials, are very much alike. These crocodilians are reptiles with long snouts, long tails, four short legs, tough skin, and sharp teeth. There are some differences, however. Gavials have the longest snout and the most teeth. Some people say that alligators and crocodiles differ in the shape of their snouts and the positioning of their teeth. Zookeepers say that crocodiles move faster than alligators and have nastier dispositions.

• cause/effect
• problem solution
• sequence/order
• compare/contrast