Biomolecules STAAR

An advertisement for a health supplement for dogs claims to build lean muscle and strengthen tendons and ligaments, as well as provide energy. Which two biomolecules must the supplement contain to provide these benefits?

• Carbohydrates and lipids

• Proteins and carbohydrates

• Nucleic acids and carbohydrates

• Lipids and nucleic acids

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Taq polymerase is an enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to replicate fragments of DNA. A study published in 1976 examined the properties of Taq polymerase after the enzyme was isolated from Thermus aquaticus, a thermophilic bacterium that lives in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. The graph shows one of the results of the study.

Which statement about enzyme activity is best supported by this graph?

• An enzyme must be composed of multiple polypeptides, or subunits, to be active

• An enzyme’s rate of activity increases with time until it becomes inactive

• An enzyme functions best under specific temperature conditions

• An enzyme works equally well in bacteria that are adapted to high temperatures and in eukaryotic cells such as human cells

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Some foods that are rich in complex carbohydrates can be difficult to digest. Gas often forms as the foods are slowly digested by bacteria in the large intestine. The advertisement is for a nutritional supplement that prevents intestinal gas.

Which of the following represents evidence that could be used to support the claims about this product?

• Complex carbohydrates are found in vegetables and grains, which are good sources of fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals. Vegetables and grains are known to reduce the risk of heart disease

• Some nutritional supplements provide vitamins and minerals that are missing from a person’s diet. These types of nutritional supplements contain important nutrients that reduce the risk of malnutrition

• Consuming enzymes specific for carbohydrate digestion helps the body digest complex carbohydrates more quickly in the stomach and small intestine

• Some nutritional supplements add beneficial bacteria to a person’s diet. These bacteria populate the stomach and prevent carbohydrate digestion

The diagram represents one way an enzyme can be inhibited.

Which statement explains the effect of an inhibitor on an enzyme?

• A substrate will be able to bond with the enzyme

• The enzyme will likely be attacked by immune cells

• The enzyme will be unable to produce more enzymes

• A substrate will be unable to attach to the enzyme

An enzyme serves as a place where a chemical reaction can occur because-

• the enzyme is a substrate.
• the enzyme is one of the reactants in the reaction.
• the charge on the enzyme's active site is the same as the charge on the substrates.
• the shape of the substrates fits perfectly into the shape of the enzyme's active site.

How do enzymes control chemical reactions in the body?

• Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
• Enzymes slow down chemical reactions.
• Enzymes increase the activation energy of a reaction.
• Enzymes inhibit the catalysts of a reaction.

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In addition to serving as waterproof coverings or as parts of biological membranes, lipids

• store glucose and other sugars.
• store energy.
• transmit hereditary information.
• supply energy for chemical reactions.

Storing and transmitting genetic material is the function of which biomolecule?

• Nucleic acids
• Protiens
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates

Why are carbohydrates considered a quick source of energy?

• Carbohydrates are composed of nucleotides

• Carbohydrates are made of amino acids.

• Carbohydrates can easily be digested for use by cells

• Only carbohydrates store energy

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