Energy and Life

Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?

• Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food.

• Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources.

• Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.

• Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism.

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Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

• water rushing over Niagara Falls

• light flashes emitted by a firefly

• a molecule of glucose

• a crawling beetle foraging for food

Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because _____.

• heat is not a form of energy

• temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell

• heat can never be used to do work

• heat must remain constant during work

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Which of the following involves a decrease in entropy?

• condensation reactions

• reactions that separate monomers

• depolymerization reactions

• hydrolysis reactions

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

• catabolism (catabolic pathways)

• metabolism

• anabolism (anabolic pathways)

• dehydration

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Anabolic pathways _____.

• are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions

• consume energy to build up polymers from monomers

• release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers

• consume energy to decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment

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Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed

• The entropy of the universe is decreasing.

• The entropy of the universe is constant.

• Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.

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Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

• Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time.

• Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is exactly balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe.

• As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.

• Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy

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Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?

• If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe.

• If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe.

• Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.

• Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as _____.

• endergonic

• enthalpic

• spontaneous

• exergonic