Forces that Shape the Earth

Seismic Waves

• Waves that carry energy of an earthquake away from the focus

• Waves that are generated by volcanic eruptions

• Waves that travel through the Earth's crust only

• Waves that are used for communication purposes

Image of a volcano

• Volcanoes are geological formations where magma erupts through the Earth's crust.

• Volcanoes are formed by the erosion of mountains over time.

• Volcanoes are large bodies of water that erupt steam and gas.

• Volcanoes are created by the collision of tectonic plates that form valleys.

Ocean trenches

• Formed when one plate goes under another during collision, creating a deep trench.

• Created by volcanic activity on the ocean floor.

• Result from the erosion of coastal landforms over time.

• Formed by the accumulation of sediment in shallow waters.

Surface waves

• Move faster than P and S waves, causing minimal ground movement.

• Move slower than P and S waves, but can produce severe ground movement with a wavelike motion.

• Travel in a straight line and do not cause any ground movement.

• Are the first waves to be detected by seismographs.

Forces at plate boundaries

• These forces are strong enough to break rocks or change their shape.

• These forces are weak and do not affect the rocks.

• These forces only occur at oceanic ridges.

• These forces are only present in volcanic regions.

Landforms created by shearing

• Transform faults and fault zones

• Volcanic mountains

• Glacial valleys

• River deltas

Epicenter

• Point on the surface directly above the focus

• The point where an earthquake originates

• The area where seismic waves are strongest

• The location of the earthquake's epicenter on a map

Two blocks of rock slide horizontally past each other in opposite directions.

• Normal Fault

• Reverse Fault

• Strike-slip Fault

• Thrust Fault

Hot spot volcanoes

• Volcanoes that form at the edges of tectonic plates where magma escapes.

• Volcanoes that form in the middle of tectonic plates where magma rises through the crust, creating islands like Hawaii.

• Volcanoes that erupt due to the collision of tectonic plates.

• Volcanoes that are formed by the melting of ice caps.

Reverse Fault Diagram

• Illustration of a reverse fault where the rock above the fault moves upward due to compressive forces.

• A diagram showing the horizontal movement of rocks along a fault line.

• An illustration depicting the downward movement of rocks due to tension forces.

• A representation of a strike-slip fault where rocks slide past each other.