If the entropy of a living organism is decreasing, which is most likely to be occurring at the same time? ( Section 6.1 )

Energy input into the organism must be occurring to drive the decrease in entropy.

The first law of thermodynamics is being violated.

Heat is being used by the organism as a source of energy.

In this situation, the second law of thermodynamics must not apply.

The entropy of the organism's environment must also be decreasing.

An exergonic (spontaneous) reaction is a chemical reaction that __________. ( Section 6.2 )

releases free energy when proceeding in the forward direction

cannot occur outside of a living cell

leads to a decrease in the entropy of the universe

occurs only when an enzyme or other catalyst is present

Which reaction would be endergonic? ( Section 6.2 )

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O

All of the listed responses are correct.

Molecules A and B contain 110 kcal/mol of free energy and molecules C and D contain 150 kcal/mol of energy. A and B are converted to C and D. What can be concluded? ( Section 6.2 )

The reaction that proceeds to convert A and B to C and D is endergonic; the products are more organized than the reactants.

The conversion of A and B to C and D is exergonic; the products are less organized than the reactants.

The entropy in the products, C and D, is higher than in the reactants, A and B.

A and B will be converted to C and D with a net release of energy.

The conversion of A and B to C and D is spontaneous.

Which determines the sign of delta G for a reaction? ( Section 6.2 )

the free energy of the reactants and the free energy of the products

the enzyme catalyzing the reaction having a high affinity (strength of binding) for the reactants

the enzyme catalyzing the reaction having a low affinity for the products

the free energy of the products

the free energy of the reactants

Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. Which process tends to keep these pathways away from equilibrium? ( Section 6.2 )

The first and second listed responses are correct.

the continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions

an input of free energy from outside the pathway

an input of heat from the environment

The first, second, and third listed responses are correct.

Which is an example of the cellular work accomplished with the free energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP, involved in the production of electrochemical gradients? ( Section 6.3 )

proton movement against a gradient of protons

chromosome movement on microtubules

In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by __________. ( Section 6.3 )

releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions

lowering the free energy of the reaction

Which statement correctly describes an aspect of ATP hydrolysis driving the active transport of an ion into the cell against its concentration gradient? ( Section 6.2 and Section 6.3 )

This is an example of energy coupling.

Neither ATP hydrolysis nor active transport is spontaneous.

ATP is acting as a transport protein to facilitate the movement of the ion across the plasma membrane.

The hydrolysis of ATP is endergonic, and the active transport is exergonic.

Both ATP hydrolysis and active transport are spontaneous because they result in an increase in entropy of the system.

Much of the suitability of ATP as an energy intermediary is related to the instability of the bonds between the phosphate groups. These bonds are unstable because __________. ( Section 6.3 )

the negatively charged phosphate groups vigorously repel one another and the terminal phosphate group is more stable in water than it is in ATP

the phosphate groups are polar and are attracted to the water in the cell's interior

the valence electrons in the phosphorus atom have less energy on average than those of other atoms

they are hydrogen bonds, which are only about 10% as strong as covalent bonds

the bonds between the phosphate groups are unusually strong and breaking them releases free energy

When 1 mole of ATP is hydrolyzed in a test tube without an enzyme, about twice as much heat is given off as when 1 mole of ATP is hydrolyzed in a cell. Which best explains these observations? ( Section 6.3 )

In the cell, the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to other reactions which are endergonic.

Cells are less efficient at energy metabolism than reactions that are optimized in a test tube.

In cells, ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and P i , but in the test tube it is hydrolyzed to carbon dioxide and water.

The amount of heat released by a reaction has nothing to do with the free energy change of the reaction.

Cells have the ability to store heat; this cannot happen in a test tube.

What best characterizes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism? ( Section 6.3 )

The free energy released by ATP hydrolysis may be coupled to an endergonic process via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.

The delta G associated with its hydrolysis is positive.

The release of free energy during the hydrolysis of ATP heats the surrounding environment.

The charge on the phosphate group of ATP tends to make the molecule very water-soluble.

It is catabolized to carbon dioxide and water.

The formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose is an endergonic reaction and is coupled to which reaction or pathway? ( Section 6.3 )

the contraction of a muscle cell

the active transport of a phosphate ion into the cell.

the formation of ATP from ADP + P i

the conversion of glucose + fructose to make sucrose

A chemical reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when __________. ( Section 6.2 and Section 6.4 )

the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants

the products are less complex than the reactants

activation energy exceeds net energy release

What do the sign and magnitude of the delta G of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction? ( Section 6.2 and Section 6.4 )

Neither the sign nor the magnitude of delta G have anything to do with the speed of a reaction.

The sign does not matter, but the smaller the magnitude of delta G , the faster the reaction.

The sign determines whether the reaction is spontaneous, and the magnitude determines the speed.

The more negative the delta G , the faster the reaction is.

The sign does not matter, but the larger the magnitude of delta G , the faster the reaction.

How do enzymes lower activation energy? ( Section 6.4 )

by locally concentrating the reactants in a position in which they are more likely to react

by increasing reactivity of products

by harnessing heat energy to drive the breakage of bonds between atoms

The first two responses above are correct.

The second and third choices are correct.

Which statement about enzymes is true? ( Section 6.4 )

Enzymes speed up the rate of the reaction without changing the delta G for the reaction.

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by raising the activation energy for reactions.

The more heat that is added to a reaction, the faster the enzymes will function.

Enzymes react with their substrate (form chemical bonds), forming an enzyme-substrate complex, which irreversibly alters the enzyme.

Which statement about enzyme function is correct? ( Section 6.4 )

Enzymes can lower the activation energy of reactions, but they cannot change the equilibrium point because they cannot change the net energy output.

Enzymes can change the equilibrium point of reactions, but they cannot speed up reactions because they cannot change the net energy output.

Enzymes can greatly speed up reactions, but they cannot change the net energy output because they cannot change the activation energy.

Enzymes can greatly speed up reactions, but they cannot change the activation energy because they cannot change the net energy output.

None of the listed responses is correct.

A plot of reaction rate against temperature for an enzyme indicates little activity at 10°C and 45°C, with peak activity at 35°C. The most reasonable explanation for the low velocity at 10°C is that ___________. ( Section 6.4 )

there is too little activation energy available

the hydrogen bonds that define the structure of the enzyme's active site are unstable

the substrate becomes a competitive inhibitor at lower temperature

the cofactors required by the enzyme system lack the thermal energy required to activate the enzyme

Which statement about enzymes is incorrect? ( Section 6.4 )

An enzyme is consumed during the reaction it catalyzes.

Enzymes can be used to accelerate both anabolic and catabolic reactions.

An enzyme is very specific in terms of which substrate it binds to.

An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

Which statement about the active site of an enzyme is correct? ( Section 6.4 )

The active site may resemble a groove or pocket in the surface of a protein into which the substrate fits.

The structure of the active site is not affected by changes in temperature.

The active site allows the reaction to occur under the same environmental conditions as the reaction without the enzyme.

Coenzymes are rarely found in the active site of an enzyme.

The active site has a fixed structure (shape).

What is meant by the induced fit of an enzyme? ( Section 6.4 )

The enzyme changes its shape slightly as the substrate snugly binds to it.

The shape of the active site is nearly perfect for specifically binding the enzyme's substrate(s).

The presence of the substrate in solution induces the enzyme to slightly change its structure.

The enzyme structure is altered so that it can be induced to fit many different types of substrate.

The substrate can be altered so that it is induced to fit into the enzyme's active site.

Which correctly describe(s) the role(s) of heat in biological reactions? ( Section 6.4 )

The first and second choices are correct.

Heat from the environment is necessary for substrates to get over the activation energy barrier.

The kinetic energy of the substrates is increased as the amount of heat in the system is increased.

Increasing the amount of heat in a system will increase the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

The second and third choices are correct.

Above a certain substrate concentration, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction drops as the enzymes become saturated. Which would lead to a faster conversion of substrate into product under these saturated conditions? ( Section 6.4 )

The first and second listed responses are correct.

an increase in concentration of enzyme

increasing the temperature by a few degrees

increasing the substrate concentration

The first, second, and third listed responses are correct.

Which environment or action would not affect the rate of an enzymatic reaction? ( Section 6.4 )

None of the listed responses is correct.

Enzyme activity is affected by pH because __________. ( Section 6.4 )

high or low pH may disrupt hydrogen bonding or ionic interactions and thus change the shape of the active site

most substrates don't function well at high or low pH

low pH will denature all enzymes

the binding of hydrogen ions to the enzyme absorbs energy and thus, there may not be enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier

changes in pH can cause loss of cofactors from the enzyme

Which statement about enzyme inhibitors is true? ( Section 6.4 )

The mimicking action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.

Inhibition of enzyme function by compounds that are not substrates is something that only occurs under controlled conditions in the laboratory.

When the product of an enzyme or an enzyme sequence acts as its inhibitor, this is known as positive feedback.

A noncompetitive inhibitor does not change the shape of the active site.

A competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a place that is separate from the active site.

Succinylcholine is almost identical to acetylcholine structurally. If succinylcholine is added to a mixture that contains acetylcholine and the enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine (but not succinylcholine), the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis is decreased. Subsequent addition of more acetylcholine restores the original rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. Which correctly explains this observation? ( Section 6.4 )

Succinylcholine must be a competitive inhibitor for this reaction.

The active site must have the wrong configuration to permit succinylcholine binding.

Succinylcholine must be an allosteric regulator for this enzyme.

The activation energy barrier for succinylcholine hydrolysis is higher than for acetylcholine hydrolysis.

Succinylcholine must be a noncompetitive inhibitor.

Which statement about allosteric proteins is true? ( Section 6.5 )

All of the first three choices are correct.

They are sensitive to environmental conditions.

They are acted on by inhibitors.

They exist in active and inactive conformations.

None of the three choices is correct.

The binding of an allosteric inhibitor to an enzyme causes the rate of product formation by the enzyme to decrease. Which best explains why this decrease occurs? ( Section 6.5 )

The allosteric inhibitor causes a structural change in the enzyme that prevents the substrate from binding at the active site.

The allosteric inhibitor binds to the substrate and prevents it from binding at the active site.

The allosteric inhibitor lowers the temperature of the active site.

The allosteric inhibitor binds to the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.

The allosteric inhibitor causes free energy change of the reaction to increase.

Under most conditions, the supply of energy by catabolic pathways is regulated by the demand for energy by anabolic pathways. Considering the role of ATP formation and hydrolysis in energy coupling, which is most likely to be true? ( Section 6.5 )

High levels of ADP act as an allosteric activator of catabolic pathways

High levels of ATP act as an allosteric activator of anabolic pathways.

High levels of ADP act as an allosteric inhibitor of anabolic pathways.

High levels of ATP act as an allosteric activator of catabolic pathways.

High levels of ADP act as an allosteric inhibitor of catabolic pathways.

The ability to do work or the capacity to cause change is an example of __________.

All of the choices are examples.

None of the choices are correct.

AP Bio Unit 3 Chapter 6

Authored by Emily Chen

Science

12th Grade

NGSS covered

Used 2+ times

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways? (Section 6.1)

Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.

The flow of energy between catabolic and anabolic pathways is reversible.

Catabolic pathways produce usable cellular energy by synthesizing more complex organic molecules.

Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways.

Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive the breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which does not represent an energy transformation? (Section 6.1)

the production of ATP using phosphate from the breakdown of glucose

the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to the production of a proton gradient across a membrane by a proton pump

the release of carbon dioxide as glucose is broken down during cellular respiration

the production of sugars from carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis

All of the listed responses represent energy transformations.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

NGSS.HS-LS1-5

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Organisms are described as thermodynamically open systems. Which statement is consistent with this description? (Section 6.1)

Heat produced by the organism is conserved in the organism and not lost to the environment.

Organisms acquire energy from one object to another.

Because energy must be conserved, organisms constantly recycle energy and thus need no input of energy.

The metabolism of an organism is isolated from its surroundings.

All of the choices are correct.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Consider the growth of a farmer's crop over a season. Which correctly states a limitation imposed by the first or second law of thermodynamics? (Section 6.1)

Growth of the crops must occur spontaneously.

The process of photosynthesis produces energy that the plant uses to grow.

To obey the first law, the crops must represent an open system.

The entropy of the universe must decrease to account for the increased entropy associated with plant growth.

All of the choices are correct.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-4

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which state the relevance of the first law of thermodynamics to biology? (Section 6.1)

Energy is destroyed as glucose is broken down during cellular respiration.

The total energy taken in by an organism must be greater than the total energy stored or released by the organism.

Photosynthetic organisms produce energy in sugars from sunlight.

Living organisms must increase the entropy of their surroundings.

Energy can be freely transformed among different forms as long as the total energy is conserved.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

NGSS.HS-LS2-5

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which is the most abundant form of energy in a cell? (Section 6.1)

mechanical energy

kinetic energy

electrochemical gradients

chemical energy

heat

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which is true? (Section 6.1)

Energy conversions increase the order in the universe.

The entropy of the universe is constantly decreasing.

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

All reactions produce some heat.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-4

NGSS.HS-PS3-2

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AP Bio Unit 3 Chapter 6

Which correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways? (Section 6.1)

Which does not represent an energy transformation? (Section 6.1)

Organisms are described as thermodynamically open systems. Which statement is consistent with this description? (Section 6.1)

Consider the growth of a farmer's crop over a season. Which correctly states a limitation imposed by the first or second law of thermodynamics? (Section 6.1)

Which state the relevance of the first law of thermodynamics to biology? (Section 6.1)

Which is the most abundant form of energy in a cell? (Section 6.1)

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which is true? (Section 6.1)

If the entropy of a living organism is decreasing, which is most likely to be occurring at the same time? (Section 6.1)

Which has the most free energy per molecule? (Section 6.2)

An exergonic (spontaneous) reaction is a chemical reaction that __________. (Section 6.2)

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