Cycles of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems

Corn planted in a field that has been previously planted with legumes and then plowed under is likely to be

• less productive because legumes remove phosphorus from the soil.

• more productive because bacteria living on the roots of legumes fix nitrogen in the soil.

• more productive because nitrogen-fixing bacteria help to keep away pests.

• less productive because the legumes have already taken all the nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus from the soil.

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What animals eat both producers and consumers?

• herbivores

• omnivores

• chemotrophs

• autotrophs

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A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect. Based on its behavior, which pair of ecological terms describes the bird?

• herbivore, decomposer

• producer, heterotroph

• carnivore, consumer

• autotroph, herbivore

Only _____ percent of energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism's life processes, and the rest is eliminated as heat.

• 1

• 9

• 10

• 90

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Matter can recycle through the biosphere because

• matter does not change into new compounds.

• matter is assembled into chemical compounds.

• biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it.

• biological systems use only carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

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The repeated movement of water between Earth's surface and the atmosphere is called

• the water cycle.

• the condensation cycle.

• precipitation.

• evaporation.

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Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT

• photosynthesis.

• transpiration.

• burning of fossil fuels.

• decomposition of plants and animals.

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Which part of the water cycle is a biological process?

• transpiration.

• runoff.

• precipitation.

• condensation.

Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by

• humans.

• plants.

• bacteria.

• consumers.

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Animals get the most of the nitrogen they need

• by consuming plants or other animals.

• by breathing in atmospheric nitrogen.

• directly from bacteria in the soil.

• from the process of denitrification.

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