Staar Biology

The diagram below represents the cell cycle.

When cells leave the cell cycle, they exit during G1 phase and then enter G0 phase, a resting period. Most normal cells can leave G0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at G1 phase before entering S phase. Cancer cells are different because they cannot enter G0 phase and are likely

to do which of the following?

• Fail to complete S phase

• Mutate during G1 phase

• Repeat the cell cycle continuously

• Die after completing mitosis

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Oncogenes are mutated forms of genes. Oncogenes can transform a cell into a tumor cell. Some tumor cells are benign, while others are malignant. How does the presence of an oncogene lead to the formation of a tumor?

• ATP production is inhibited.

• Cell division is unregulated.

• Somatic cell growth is inhibited

• Antibody activity is unregulated.

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Which part of the cell cycle controls the repair of damaged DNA which, if unsuccessful, could eventually result in the abnormal cell division that typifies some types of cancer?

• G1

• S

• G2

• M

What disorder results when human body cells lose the ability to respond to internal regulatory signals that control cell growth?

• cellulitis

• diabetes

• hemophilia

• cancer

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Normal cells may undergo changes during cell processes that can lead to cancer. However, most of them do not form cancers.

Which of the following explanations accounts for the relatively low rates of cancer?

• Cancerous cells die when they are exposed to radiation.

• Cancerous cells are crowded out by normal cell growth.

• Cancer cells grow only very slowly at first.

• DNA repair systems fix the mutation before it causes cancer.