Genetics

If you want to introduce DNA into a SPECIFIC section of the yeast genome, which of the following techniques would you use.

• By injecting the DNA into the nucleus of the cell with a needle.
• By introducing two plasmids, 1 containing a gene encoding the transposase enzyme and another containing a marker and your gene bordered by flanking repeats.
• By creating a viral particle and infecting the cell.
• By introducing a piece of marker-containing DNA that has the same sequence as the target site.
• By combining a reporter gene and the target gene and inserting it into the cell.

What does both mechanisms of siRNA and miRNA have in common?

• the RISC formed in both mechanisms always binds perfectly and leads to degradation of the RNA
• dicer recognizes double stranded RNA created from inverted repeats
• only one strand of the double stranded RNA fragment remains in the RISC
• both mechanisms are ways to inhibit translation
• two are correct

How does transposon-mediated transformation typically function in genetic engineering?

• A) Transposons transfer genes directly between organisms.
• B) Transposons insert foreign DNA into the genome of the host organism.
• C) Transposons facilitate the uptake of DNA by bacterial cells.
• D) Transposons modify the expression of genes without altering the DNA sequence. can you adda nother option
• E) Transposons facilitate the movement of genetic material within the genome of an organism, potentially leading to mutations or genetic rearrangements.

Researcher X is interested in wing abnormalities in Drosophila. His approach begins with finding Drosophila with short or backward wings and studies them to identify the gene(s) that are responsible for wing development. What genetic approach is Researcher X using and how is his approach different than the "opposite" approach? A. He is using reverse genetics because he is analyzing a phenotype to identify the genotype; whereas forward genetics is altering gene(s) to study the phenotype B. He is using forward genetics because he is analyzing a phenotype to identify the genotype; whereas reverses genetics is altering the gene(s) to study the phenotype C. He is using reverse genetics because he is altering the gene(s) to study the phenotype; whereas forward genetics is analyzing a phenotype to identify the genotype D. He is using forward genetics because he is altering the gene(s) to study the phenotype; whereas reverse genetics is analyzing a phenotype to identify the genotype E. There is no difference between forward and reverse genetics

• A. He is using reverse genetics because he is analyzing a phenotype to identify the genotype; whereas forward genetics is altering gene(s) to study the phenotype
• B. He is using forward genetics because he is analyzing a phenotype to identify the genotype; whereas reverses genetics is altering the gene(s) to study the phenotype
• C. He is using reverse genetics because he is altering the gene(s) to study the phenotype; whereas forward genetics is analyzing a phenotype to identify the genotype
• D. He is using forward genetics because he is altering the gene(s) to study the phenotype; whereas reverse genetics is analyzing a phenotype to identify the genotype
• E. There is no difference between forward and reverse genetics

You have screened a random pool of genome variants using saturation screens, and identified all the genes responsible for the process you are studying. You then perform a complementation analysis to determine how many genes are required for the phenotype you are studying. Your results are shown below. Did you perform forward or reverse genetics and what are the complementation groups you determined?

• Forward genetics; 1 & 3, 4 & 5, 2
• Forward genetics; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• Reverse genetics; 1 & 3, 4 & 5, 2
• Forward genetics; 1 & 5, 2 & 4, 3
• Reverse genetics; 1 & 2, 3 & 4, 5

You know that your population of yeast has a mutation that disables its ability to produce functional tyrosine. There are multiple differences in the DNA sequence between this form of yeast and the wild-type without this mutation. Through which methods could you find out which SNP(s) are responsible for this phenotype? 1) cross a wild-type heterozygous yeast cell with a mutated homozygous cell 2) saturation screen 3) tagging

• 1, 2, 3
• only 1
• only 2
• only 3
• 2 and 3

Which statement accurately describes a key aspect of the CRISPR-Cas9 system's ability to recognize target DNA sequences?

• A. Cas9 recognizes any DNA sequence randomly within the genome, it does not require additional help.
• B. The Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence is irrelevant to Cas9's recognition of specific DNA sequences.
• C. The Cas9 protein identifies unique sequences by binding to 20 nucleotides along with the PAM sequence.
• D. The RNA-DNA heteroduplex formation occurs randomly, CRISPR CAS-9 is not involved in DNA recognition. It is used to facilitate the repair of random double-stranded breaks in the genome caused by other cellular processes.
• E. Cas9's specificity is dependent on the presence of the -35 and -10 regions present in the promoter region of DNA, similar to how RNA polymerase operates.

A researcher noticed that some of the yeast colonies in a cell culture appeared larger, and darker in shade, when compared to most other colonies present. In order to determine what was causing this phenotype, the researcher conducted a study. Through the study, the researcher was able to identify the mutation that was responsible for the variant yeast colony. Which of the following was most likely involved in his experimental setup?

• Injecting DNA
• Transposon/Viral Mediated Transformation
• Site specific recombination
• Transformation
• None of the above

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2