Mechanisms of tissue regeneration and remodeling

1. Regeneration is a developmental process that involves:

• a. growth

• b. morphogenesis

• c. differentiation of cells

• d. all the above statements

2. Epimorphic regeneration involves:

• a. transdifferentiation of adult cells

• b. dedifferentiation of adult cells with formation of blastema

• c. transdifferentiation of stem cells

• d. dedifferentiation of adult cells without formation of blastema

3. The importance of nerves in amphibian’s limb regeneration, meaning that:

• a. induces keratinocytes of the wounded edge to dedifferentiate

• b. the nerves are not important in limb regeneration

• c. induces the formation scar

• d. regulates the movement of wounded animal

4. Hox genes are involved in positional identity along antero-posterior axis, because of:

• a. only of spatial collinearity expression of these genes

• b. only of temporal collinearity expression of these genes

• c. spatial and temporal expression of these genes

• d. random expression of Hox genes

5. The Hox genes at the 3-end are expressed:

• a. earlier and in the anterior regions of the embryo

• b. later and in the posterior regions of the embryo

• c. earlier and in the posterior regions of the embryp

• d. later and in the anterior regions of the embryo

6. Conditional cell fate specification

• a. use owns cellular constituents

• b. is a type of syncytial specification

• c. use morphogenetic determinants

• d. requires interactions between neighboring cells

7. Cell fate determination

• a. involves repression of all genes

• b. involves selection of genes to be expressed in each cell type

• c. does not require the expression of certain genes

• d. involves activation of all genes

8. Transdifferentiation

• a. involves cellular division

• b. permit differentiation of cells into another unrelated cellular type

• c. permit differentiation of cells into another related cellular type

• d. permit cell fate specification and determination

9. Primary or direct fracture healing is made

• a. without callus formation

• b. with callus formation

• c. by intramembranous ossification

• d. by endochondral ossification

10. In regenerative phase of secondary fracture healing

• a. soft callus is vascular

• b. soft callus is secreted by the osteocytes

• c. soft callus is secreted by the chondrocytes

• d. soft callus is secreted by the osteoclasts