Theories of Crime and Deviance

What did Cesare Lombroso argue about criminals?

• Criminals are made, not born.

• Criminals are born, not made.

What is the relevance of Thomas Hobbes' Social Contract Theory to crime?

• Crime occurs when the social contract breaks down.

• Crime is a result of individual desires.

What are the three components of the psyche according to Sigmund Freud?

• Id, Ego, Superego

• Id, Ego, Consciousness

What does Karl Marx's Conflict Theory suggest about crime?

• Crime is rooted in inequalities in capitalist societies.

• Crime is a result of individual choices.

What is the concept of Anomie as described by Émile Durkheim?

• A state of normlessness.

• A state of social order.

What does Robert Merton's Strain Theory explain?

• Deviance occurs when there is a disjunction between cultural goals and means.

• Deviance is a result of social labeling.

What is the focus of Albert Cohen's theory on status frustration?

• Working-class boys form delinquent subcultures.

• Middle-class boys excel in school.

What does Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory emphasize?

• Access to illegitimate opportunities varies by social class.

• Crime is a result of individual choices.

What are the four elements of social bonds according to Travis Hirschi?

• Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief

• Attachment, Commitment, Isolation, Belief

What is the primary focus of Edwin Lemert's Labelling Theory?

• Deviance is a social construct.

• Deviance is inherent in individuals.