RTES

Explain the process of compilation and linking in C.

• Compilation in C only includes converting source code to machine code without any linking process.

• The process of compilation and linking in C includes preprocessing, compiling to assembly, assembling to object code, and linking to create an executable.

• The process of compilation in C involves only writing code without any further steps.

• Linking in C is the same as executing the program directly without compilation.

What are preprocessor directives in C? Provide examples.

• #include

• #define E 2.71

• #if RELEASE

• Examples of preprocessor directives include: 1. #include 2. #define PI 3.14 3. #ifdef DEBUG

Differentiate between static and dynamic memory allocation in C.

• Static memory allocation is fixed at compile time, while dynamic memory allocation is flexible and occurs at runtime.

• Static memory allocation can be resized during program execution, while dynamic memory allocation cannot.

• Static memory allocation occurs at runtime, while dynamic memory allocation is fixed at compile time.

• Dynamic memory allocation is done at compile time, while static memory allocation is flexible and occurs at runtime.

What is the difference between break and continue in C? Provide examples.

• 'break' is used for function calls; 'continue' is for loops only.

• 'break' and 'continue' have the same effect in loops.

• 'break' skips to the next iteration; 'continue' exits the loop.

• 'break' exits the loop; 'continue' skips to the next iteration. Example: for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { if (i == 2) break; // exits loop when i is 2 printf("%d ", i); } for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { if (i == 2) continue; // skips the rest of the loop when i is 2 printf("%d ", i); }

Define a string in C and explain how it is declared. What is the last element in a string?

• The last element in a string is the first character.

• The last element in a string is a space character.

• The last element in a string is a comma.

• The last element in a string is the null character '\0'.

Write a C program to check if a number is even or odd using the bitwise AND operator.

• Use the expression 'if (number & 1) { printf("Odd\n"); } else { printf("Even\n"); }' in the C program.

• Use 'if (number & 2) { printf("Even\n"); }' to check for even numbers.

• Check if 'number / 2' is an integer to determine if it's even or odd.

• Use 'if (number % 2 == 0) { printf("Even\n"); }' to check even numbers.

List the basic components required for designing a digital clock using Arduino and describe their roles.

• Bluetooth Module

• Speaker Module

• Microcontroller Unit (MCU)

• Arduino Board, Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module, Display (LCD or 7-segment), Power Supply, Connecting Wires

Write a program for a digital clock using Arduino.

• rtc.setTime(12, 0, 0);

• #include

• lcd.print(now.day());

• #include #include #include RTC_DS3231 rtc; LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); void setup() { lcd.begin(16, 2); Wire.begin(); rtc.begin(); } void loop() { DateTime now = rtc.now(); lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.print(now.hour()); lcd.print(':'); lcd.print(now.minute()); lcd.print(':'); lcd.print(now.second()); delay(1000); }

What are the basic components required for designing a smart card reader using Arduino and their roles?

• Arduino board, smart card reader module, power supply, connecting wires

• Microcontroller, smart card emulator, Ethernet cable, soldering iron

• Arduino board, barcode scanner, solar panel, HDMI cable

• Raspberry Pi board, RFID reader module, battery pack, USB cables

Explain the architecture of an automated meter reading (AMR) system with a block diagram.

• Analog Meter, Local Display, Manual Data Entry, and Printer

• Smart Meter, Cloud Storage, Mobile App, and Backup Server

• The architecture of an AMR system includes Meter, Communication Module, Data Collector, Central Server, and User Interface.

• Power Supply Unit, Data Logger, User Manual, and Network Switch