Front

What are proto-oncogenes?

Back

Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes due to mutations or increased expression, leading to uncontrolled cell division.

Front

What is an oncogene?

Back

An oncogene is a mutated form of a proto-oncogene that promotes the growth of cancer cells.

Front

What is the G1 checkpoint?

Back

The G1 checkpoint is a regulatory point in the cell cycle that determines whether a cell will proceed to divide or enter a resting state (G0).

Front

What happens at the G2 checkpoint?

Back

The G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA has been replicated correctly and that the cell is ready to enter mitosis.

Front

What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?

Back

Cyclins are proteins that regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs) to promote progression through checkpoints.

Front

What is the significance of the M checkpoint?

Back

The M checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus before the cell proceeds with division.

Front

What occurs if a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint?

Back

If a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it enters a quiescent state known as G0.

Front

What is the function of CdKs?

Back

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs) are enzymes that, when activated by cyclins, phosphorylate target proteins to drive the cell cycle forward.

Front

What is the purpose of the S phase in the cell cycle?

Back

The S phase is the part of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs, resulting in two sister chromatids for each chromosome.

Front

What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Back

Checkpoints are control mechanisms that ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle and prevent the division of damaged or incomplete cells.