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The government of which country sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 exploration?

• Spain

• Portugal

• France

• England

What effect did the Seven Years' War have on England's national debt?

• The debt had doubled since William Pitt took office.

• The debt had decreased significantly.

• The debt remained unchanged.

• The debt was forgiven.

The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to prevent colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Which of the following statements characterized the Federalists in 1800?

• They advocated a strong centralized government.

• They supported states' rights.

• They opposed the Constitution.

• They favored a weak federal government.

In 1823, President James Monroe issued what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, a statement that the Americas are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power.

The infamous Trail of Tears was a 1,200-mile forced march by Cherokees who were expelled from their land.

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NGSS.MS-ESS3-4

NGSS.MS-LS2-1

In the 1857 Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott could not legally claim violation of his constitutional rights because he was not a citizen of the United States.

When the Civil War began, most Northerners viewed it as a struggle to preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution.

The Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863 was a crucial turning point for Confederate armies because it proved to be the last time Confederates launched a major offensive above the Mason-Dixon line.

Ordering: Christopher Columbus finds New World

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NGSS.MS-ESS3-4