Front

What are secondary messengers in signal transduction?

Back

Secondary messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, amplifying the strength of the signal. Examples include cAMP and Ca²⁺.

Front

What is a ligand in the context of signal transduction?

Back

A ligand is a signaling molecule that binds to a specific receptor to initiate a cellular response.

Front

Where do ligands bind in signal transduction?

Back

Ligands bind to receptors, which can be located on the cell surface or inside the cell.

Front

What role does Ca²⁺ play in cellular signaling?

Back

Ca²⁺ acts as a secondary messenger that helps transmit signals within the cell, often leading to various cellular responses such as muscle contraction.

Front

What is the function of cAMP in signal transduction?

Back

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a secondary messenger that transmits signals from receptors to target proteins, often activating protein kinases.

Front

How is calcium released from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Back

Calcium is released from the smooth ER through gated ion channels, which open in response to specific signals.

Front

What is the difference between a primary messenger and a secondary messenger?

Back

A primary messenger (like a hormone) is the initial signaling molecule that binds to a receptor, while a secondary messenger (like cAMP or Ca²⁺) is generated in response to the primary messenger and amplifies the signal inside the cell.

Front

Can all cells respond to the same ligand in the same way?

Back

False. Different cell types can respond differently to the same ligand based on the types of receptors and signaling pathways they possess.

Front

What is the role of receptors in signal transduction?

Back

Receptors are proteins that bind to ligands and initiate a cellular response by triggering a signaling cascade.

Front

What is an example of a secondary messenger?

Back

Examples of secondary messengers include cAMP and Ca²⁺.