Pragmatics and Discourse

Which of the following BEST describes the focus of pragmatics?

• The literal meaning of words and their grammatical structure.

• How speakers and writers convey meaning beyond literal words, considering context.

• The historical development of languages.

• The physiological mechanisms of speech production.

"Here" is an example of which type of deixis?

• Person deixis

• Temporal deixis

• Spatial deixis

• Anaphoric deixis

What is the term for using language to help listeners/readers identify someone or something?

• Inference

• Presupposition

• Reference

• Anaphora

Which of the following is an example of an anaphoric expression?

• John (in the sentence "John went to the store.")

• He (in the sentence "John went to the store. He bought milk.")

• Store (in the sentence "John went to the store.")

• Milk (in the sentence "John went to the store. He bought milk.")

"Have you stopped cheating on tests?" This question relies on which pragmatic concept?

• Factive

• Non-factive

• Lexical

• Structural

A request like "Could you please pass the salt?" is an example of:

• A direct speech act.

• An indirect speech act.

• A face-threatening act.

• A negative face strategy.

Which of the following best describes a negative face?

• The desire to be liked and admired.

• The desire to be free from imposition and maintain independence. 

• A threatening action that damages someone's self-image. 

•  A polite strategy showing respect for someone's positive attributes.

Discourse analysis is primarily concerned with the study of:

• Individual words and their meanings.

• Language beyond the sentence, in texts and conversations.

• Grammatical rules and sentence structure.

• Phonetics and pronunciation.

Which of the following describes cohesion in text analysis? 

• The overall meaning and interpretation of the text.

• The connections between ideas conveyed in the text.

• The connections in terms of the language used, such as connectors.

• The reader's personal understanding of the text.

In conversation analysis, turn-taking ideally involves:

• Multiple people speaking simultaneously. 

• Extended silences between speakers.

• One person speaking at a time with minimal pauses.

• Interruptions and overlapping speech.